QUESTION: How did the great earthquake of the Shōka Era and the great comet of the Bun’ei Era happen?

ANSWER: T’ien-t’ai has said, “Men of knowledge know the causes of phenomena, and only snakes know the way of snakes.”

QUESTION: What does that mean?

ANSWER: It means that when Bodhisattva Superior Practice emerged from the earth as described in the fifteenth chapter of the Lotus Sūtra, even such bodhisattvas as Maitreya, Mañjuśrī, Avalokiteśvara, and Medicine King, who had reached only one step below Buddhahood by conquering the forty-one steps of darkness of mind, did not know that he had been called upon to spread “Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō,” the essence of the “Life Span of the Buddha” (16th) chapter of the Lotus Sūtra, in the Latter Age of Degeneration. It was because they had not yet conquered the fundamental darkness of mind and therefore were still considered ignorant.

Senji-shō, Selecting the Right time: A Tract by Nichiren, the Buddha’s Disciple, Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 1,
Pages 195-197

This idea that Maitreya, Mañjuśrī, Avalokiteśvara, and Medicine King were lacking and therefore unsuitable for propagating the Lotus Sūtra is one measure of the importance of Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō.

Grand Master T’ien-t’ai states in his Words and Phrases of the Lotus Sūtra, “The wonderful way of the Lotus Sūtra will spread benefit far into the fifth 500-year period!” Grand Master Miao-lê explains it in his Annotations on the Words and Phrases of the Lotus Sūtra: “Not necessarily will there be no divine favor of the Lotus Sūtra at the beginning of the Latter Age.” Grand Master Dengyō declares in his Treatise on the Protection of the Nation: “The Age of the True Dharma and that of the Semblance Dharma are about to end, and the Latter Age of Degeneration is around the corner. This is the time for the One Vehicle teaching of the Lotus to spread. How can we say this? We know it because it is stated in the ‘Peaceful Practices’ (14th) chapter of the Lotus Sūtra that it should be spread at the time when the dharma is about to disappear in the latter world.” He also says in his Outstanding Principles of the Lotus Sūtra:

The time is toward the end of the Age of the Semblance Dharma and the beginning of the Latter Age of Degeneration; the place is east of T’ang China and west of Katsu; when people live in the world of defilement and corruption, full of disputes and quarrels. The Lotus Sūtra, chapter 10, states that much hatred and jealousy existed even during the lifetime of Śākyamuni Buddha, not to speak of after His death. This is a meaningful statement indeed!

According to Buddhist scriptures, the world goes through four kalpa (periods of construction, continuance, destruction, and emptiness), each of which consists of 20 small kalpa. In the period of continuance, the average human longevity increases by a year per century from 10 years until it reaches the maximum human longevity of 84,000 years. Thereafter the human life grows shorter by a year per century until it reaches the minimum average human life span of 10 years. Now, Śākyamuni Buddha was born to this world during the ninth small kalpa, within the kalpa of continuance, when the human life span was decreasing to 100 years. The fifty years of Śākyamuni’s appearance in this world, the 2,000-year period of Ages of the True Dharma and the Semblance Dharma, and the 10,000 years of the Latter Age of Degeneration are all included in this period, during which human longevity decreases from 100 years to the minimum of 10 years. It includes two periods in which the Lotus Sūtra flourishes: the last eight years of Śākyamuni Buddha and the first 500 years of the Latter Age of Degeneration after His extinction. Grand Masters T’ien-t’ai, Miao-lê and Dengyō missed the preaching of the Lotus Sūtra by the Buddha, nor were they able to be born in the Latter Age after His death. Regretting their misfortune for being born in between the two occasions, those grand masters made the statements cited above, wishing to have been born in the Latter Age.

This is like Hermit Asita’s lament. Seeing the birth of Prince Siddhartha, the Indian hermit deplored: “Being over ninety years old, I will not be able to live long enough to see the Prince attain Buddhahood in this world. Since I will be reborn in the realm of non-form, I will not be able to attend Śākyamuni’s preachings for fifty years in this world. Nor will I be able to be reborn after His death in the Age of the True Dharma, the Semblance Dharma, or the Latter Age of Degeneration.”

Those who have aspiration for enlightenment should be glad to see and hear these comments. Those who care for future lives should rather be born as common people today in the Latter Age than great kings during the 2,000-year period after the death of Śākyamuni Buddha, the Age of the True Dharma and that of the Semblance Dharma. How could they not believe in this? They should rather be suffering from leprosy in the Latter Age reciting “Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō (Homage to the Lotus Sūtra )” than to be the revered chief abbot of the Enryakuji Temple, grand temple of the Tendai School of Buddhism, during the Age of the Semblance Dharma. Emperor Wu of Liang in ancient China prayed: “I would rather be Devadatta, who sank to the worst Hell of Incessant Suffering but who eventually was able to attain Buddhahood through the Lotus Sūtra, than be Hermit Udraka-rāmaputra, who was able to be born in heaven but never succeeded in attaining Buddhahood.”

Senji-shō, Selecting the Right time: A Tract by Nichiren, the Buddha’s Disciple, Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 1,
Pages 195-197

I consider myself truly blessed to have been born a common person today in the Latter Age. Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō.

THE SPREAD OF BUDDHISM IN THE FIFTH 500-YEAR PERIOD

The fifth 500-year period, the period of destruction of the pure dharma referred to in the Sutra of the Great Assembly, is without doubt today. After the destruction of the pure dharma, however, the great pure dharma of “Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō,” the gist of the Lotus Sūtra, should spread widely among all the people and subjects of 80,000 kings of 80,000 lands in the world, just as today in Japan people all recite the name of the Buddha of Infinite Life. This has been decided by the Buddha, so we must make it a reality.

QUESTION: Do you have any proof for this?

ANSWER: It is said in the Lotus Sūtra, fascicle 7 (chapter 23), “It will spread throughout the world in the fifth 500-year period after the death of the Buddha lest it should be lost.” It means that the Lotus Sūtra will spread in the period after the destruction of the pure dharma predicted in the Sūtra of the Great Assembly. The Lotus Sūtra also makes such references as: “those who uphold it in the evil world during the Latter Age of Degeneration” (fascicle 6: chapter 17); “at the time when the dharma is about to disappear in the future latter age” (fascicle 5: chapter 14): “even during the time of the Buddha much hatred and jealousy is raised against this Sūtra; how much more after His death!” (fascicle 4: chapter 10); and “much hate exists toward this Sūtra in the world, making it difficult to uphold it” (fascicle 5: chapter 14). Speaking of the fifth 500-year period after the death of the Buddha, namely, the period of increasing disagreements and quarrels, the Lotus Sūtra in its seventh fascicle (chapter 23) declares: “Devils, devils’ subjects, dragons, yakṣa demons, and kumbhāṇḍa devils will be trying to take advantage.” It is stated in the Sūtra of the Great Assembly: “Disputes and quarrels will arise within Buddhism itself. ” And in the Lotus Sūtra, fascicle 5 (chapter 13): “Monks in the evil world will be cunning, flattering, and arrogant;” “some monks will live in monasteries and appear to be practicing the true ways;” and “devils will enter the bodies of those monks and cause them to abuse those who uphold the True Dharma.”

These citations meant to say that a large number of great monks will be haunted by a devil’s spirit all over the country in the fifth 500 year period. Suppose a wise man appears then. Those high priests haunted by a devil’s spirit would induce the king and his ministers and populace into speaking ill of him, abusing him, beating him with sticks or pieces of wood, throwing stones or tiles at him, and banishing or even executing him. Then Śākyamuni Buddha, the Buddha of Many Treasures and Buddhas in all the worlds in ten directions would order the great bodhisattvas appearing from underground, who in turn would order the King of the Brahma Heaven, Indra, the sun, the moon, and the Four Heavenly Kings to inflict strange phenomena in the sky and natural calamities on earth. If those kings do not heed the divine punishments, their neighboring countries would be ordered to chastise those evil kings and monks, resulting in the most terrible war the world has ever had.

Then all the people in the world living under the sun and moon, desirous of the welfare of their countries or of themselves, would pray in vain to all Buddhas and bodhisattvas. Finally, believing in the poor monk whom they have hated, an incalculable number of high priests, 80,000 great kings, and all the people would bow low with their heads touching the ground and holding their hands together in reverence, reciting “Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō (Homage to the Lotus Sūtra!) “It would be just as when the Buddha revealed the eighth of His ten supernatural powers in the “Divine Powers of the Buddha” of the (21st) chapter of the Lotus Sūtra that all the people without exception in all the worlds throughout the universe faced this Sahā World, resoundingly reciting in unison “Homage to Śākyamuni Buddha! Homage to Śākyamuni Buddha! Homage to the Lotus Sūtra! Homage to the Lotus Sūtra!

Senji-shō, Selecting the Right time: A Tract by Nichiren, the Buddha’s Disciple, Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 1,
Pages 188-189

Homage to Śākyamuni Buddha! Homage to the Lotus Sūtra!

BUDDHISM AND TIME

To study Buddhism, first of all we must know the right time.

In the past, the Great Universal Wisdom Buddha appeared in the world, but he did not preach at all for as long as ten small kalpa. It is said in the Lotus Sūtra, chapter 7 on “The Parable of a Magic City”: “He sat in meditation for ten small kalpa;” and “Though begged to preach, the Buddha sat in silence because He knew the time was not yet ripe.” Our Lord Śākyamuni Buddha, did not expound the Lotus Sūtra for more than forty years. As said in the Sūtra, chapter 2 on “Expedients,” it was because “the time was not ripe.” Lao-tzu is said to have spent as long as eighty years in his mother’s womb before he was born. Bodhisattva Maitreya, future Lord Buddha of this Sahā World, is expected to stay in the inner chamber of the Tuṣita Heaven (Tōsotsu-ten) for as long as 5,670,000,000 years, waiting for the time to attain perfect enlightenment. As nightingales wait for summer to sing and roosters wait for dawn to crow, even beasts know the time. How much more should we choose the right time in practicing Buddhism?

When the Buddha preached the Flower Garland Sūtra at the Hall of Enlightenment, various Buddhas appeared from the worlds in ten directions, and all great bodhisattvas gathered together. Moreover, the Great King of the Brahma Heaven, Indra, and the Four Heavenly Kings danced for joy; eight kinds of gods and semi-gods such as dragon gods held their hands together in reverence; the wiser among ordinary men bent their ears to Him; and various bodhisattvas such as Moon of Emancipation (Vimuki-candra), who have attained enlightenment during the present life, begged Him to preach. However, Śākyamuni did not even reveal the names of His two most important teachings: “Obtaining Buddhahood by men of the Two Vehicles, śrāvaka and pratyekabuddha” (nijō-sabutsu) and “Śākyamuni’s attaining Enlightenment in the eternal past” (kuon-jitsujō). Nor did He expound the fundamental doctrines of the “becoming a Buddha with one’s present body” (sokushin-jōbutsu) and “3,000 existences contained in one thought” (ichinen-sanzen). It was not that He did not speak of those doctrines because no one had the capacity to understand them. It was solely because, as stated in the Lotus Sūtra, chapter 2 on “Expedients”, “the time was not ripe. ”

When the Lotus Sūtra was preached on Mt. Sacred Eagle, King Ajātaśatru, the most unfilial man in the world, attended the meeting; even Devadatta, who had abused the True Dharma throughout his life, was guaranteed to be Tennō (Heavenly King) Buddha in the future. Furthermore, a dragon girl, though females were considered incapable of becoming a King of the Brahma Heaven, an Indra, a King of Devils, a Wheel-turning Noble King, or a Buddha, became a Buddha without changing her dragon-body. Attainment of Buddhahood by men of the Two Vehicles, and those with fixed natures who had been considered definitely incapable of becoming Buddhas, was as wondrous as a toasted seed germinating, flowering and bearing fruit. When Śākyamuni Buddha’s “attaining Enlightenment in the eternal past” was revealed, the audience was so astonished as to wonder how a hundred-year old man could be the son of a twenty-five year old man. The “3,000 existences contained in one thought” doctrine explained that unenlightened beings in the Nine Realms and enlightened ones in the Realm of the Buddha are one and inseparable, opening the way for the unenlightened to attain Buddhahood. Therefore, each letter of this sūtra represents a wish-fulfilling gem that pours out 10,000 treasures; each phrase of it is the seed of Buddhahood. The preaching of these most profound teachings was not done because of the capacity of the audience, their intelligence to understand or faith to uphold them. It was because the time was ripe. The Lotus Sūtra, chapter 2 on “Expedients,” therefore says: “Now is the time to expound the Mahayana teaching definitely.”

Senji-shō, Selecting the Right time: A Tract by Nichiren, the Buddha’s Disciple, Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 1,
Pages 188-189

Indeed, now is the time to expound the Mahayana teaching definitely.

In order to see our own faces we have to look at them reflected upon a spotless mirror. Likewise, in order to see the rise and fall of a country, there is no way better than to see them reflected upon the mirror of the Buddhist dharma. As we respectfully read such Mahayana sūtras as the Sūtra of the Benevolent King, Sūtra of the Golden Splendor, Guardian Sūtra, Nirvana Sūtra, and Lotus Sūtra, it is preached that the rise and fall of a country and the life span of people in it depend on the Dharma they believe, whether they believe in the True Dharma or a false dharma. It is like water that keeps a boat afloat but also destroys it, or staple grains which nourish human bodies but often damage them. Small winds and waves would not damage large ships, but small ships can easily be destroyed by gale winds and huge waves. Unjust government, like small winds and waves, would not cause the downfall of a great country and a great man; however, there is no doubt that a false dharma in Buddhism, like gale winds and huge waves destroying small boats, will destroy a country. …

Of the spotless mirrors of the holy teachings preached in His lifetime, the Lotus Sūtra is the special divine mirror. A copper mirror can show the figure of a man but not his mind. The divine mirror of the Lotus Sūtra shows not only a man’s figure but also his mind. Not only the current mind of a man but also his karma in the previous life and his reward and retribution in the future can clearly be spotlighted.

The Lotus Sūtra, fascicle 7, the 21st chapter on “The Divine Powers of the Buddha,” preaches: “Suppose that after the Buddha passed away, someone who knows the causes and conditions and proper sequence of the sūtras expounded by the Buddha will preach them truthfully according to the true meaning. As the light of the sun and moon can eliminate all darkness, so this person will wipe out the darkness of living beings as he walks about in the world.”

This scriptural passage means that he who expounds even a word or a phrase of the Lotus Sūtra should know well the comparative profundity of the holy teachings preached during His lifetime and the sequence of preaching them. For instance, speaking of the calendar consisting of more than 360 days a year, a mistake by one day will cause mistakes for 10,000 days. In a 31-syllable Japanese poem, a mistake in a syllable or a phrase makes the whole 31 syllables unpoetic. Likewise, in reading or reciting a sūtra, if one is confused about the sequence and comparative profundity of the holy teachings of the Buddha beginning with the Flower Garland Sūtra preached first at the Hall of Enlightenment to the Nirvana Sūtra expounded last in the śāla forest, one will inevitably fall into the Hell of Incessant Suffering without committing the five rebellious sins. Those who believe in him will also fall into the Hell of Incessant Suffering.

Therefore, when a wise man appears in the world to correctly declare the comparative profundity of the holy teachings preached during His lifetime, those priests who have transmitted false doctrines from the founders of their respective sects and are revered as the teachers of the state or aristocratic families will make a false charge against the wise man to the rulers of the country or incite a popular protest against him. Otherwise, the weakness of their sects would be revealed, causing them to be despised by the people. Then, it is preached, the protective deities of Buddhism will be so enraged that they will destroy this country just as gale winds tear up the leaves of banana plants or high waves overturn small boats.

Shinkoku-ō Gosho, Sovereigns of Our Divine Land, Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 1, Pages 141-142

Underscore “Of the spotless mirrors of the holy teachings preached in His lifetime, the Lotus Sūtra is the special divine mirror. A copper mirror can show the figure of a man but not his mind. The divine mirror of the Lotus Sūtra shows not only a man’s figure but also his mind. Not only the current mind of a man but also his karma in the previous life and his reward and retribution in the future can clearly be spotlighted.”

The Lotus Sūtra, fascicle 2, the 3rd chapter on “A Parable” states:

He who does not put faith in this sūtra and slanders it, [will commit the sin of exterminating the seed of Buddhahood in all the people in the whole world. Or, suppose those who frown at and harbor doubt about the teaching of this sūtra . . . despise, hold in contempt, hate, envy, and bear a deep grudge against those who read, recite, copy, and uphold this sūtra. What would such people get in return? You should listen carefully.] Such people will fall into the Hell of Incessant Suffering upon death, [where their suffering will last endlessly, for a kalpa after another… , until they fall into the world of beasts becoming a huge serpent as long as 500 yojana in length.]

The same sūtra, fascicle 7, the 20th chapter on the “Never Despising Bodhisattva” also asserts: “[Some of the four categories of Buddhists (monks, nuns, laymen and laywomen) had impure minds. They got angry, spoke ill of him, saying, ‘Where did this ignorant monk come from?’ They struck him with a stick, a piece of wood, a piece of tile or a stone.] They were tormented in the Hell of Incessant Suffering for as long as 1,000 kalpa for the sin of persecuting a practicer of the Lotus Sūtra.”

The Nirvana Sūtra, too, declares: “If one avoids good teachers who preach the True Dharma and instead takes refuge in false dharmas, one will sink into the Hell of Incessant Sufferings, undergoing all the sufferings with his huge body of 84,000 square yojana.”

Examining many sūtras, we thus see they all regard slandering the True Dharma the most serious crime. How sad it is that people [in Japan] all should wander out of the gate of the True Dharma into the prison of evil dharma! Such ignorance is causing everyone [in Japan, high and low,] to be pulled by the rope of evil teachings and caught forever by the net of slandering the True Dharma! In this life such wanderers are lost in the mist of delusions; in the next life they will sink to the bottom of flaming hell. How sad it is! How terrible it is!

You should promptly discard your false faith and take up the true and sole teaching of the Lotus Sūtra at once. Then this triple world of the unenlightened will all become Buddha lands. Will Buddha lands ever decay? All the worlds in the universe will become Pure Lands. Will Pure Lands ever be destroyed? When our country does not decay and the world is not destroyed, our bodies will be safe and our hearts tranquil. Believe these words and revere them!

Risshō Ankoku-ron, Treatise on Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Dharma, Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 1, Pages 141-142

I have added an extensive quote from Risshō Ankoku-ron and another from Senji-shō, Selecting the Right time, to the postscript in Day 43 of 100 illustrating Nichiren’s doctrinal rationale for his belief that slanderers of the Lotus Sūtra should be put to death.

Below are some notes I want to include for future reference:

Three Ages after the death of the Buddha

In the Age of the True Dharma (the first ten-century period), the Buddha’s teaching is practiced and enlightenment can be attained; in the Age of the Semblance Dharma (the second ten-century period), the teaching is practiced but enlightenment is not possible; in the last period of 10,000 years (the Latter Age of Degeneration), the teaching exists but it is no longer practiced.

Six transcendental faculties of a Buddha, bodhisattva, or arhat

1. ability to go anywhere
2. heavenly eye
3. heavenly ear
4. ability to read other people’s mind
5. ability to know former lives
6. ability to destroy all evil passions.

Four stages of sainthood in Theravada Buddhism

1. sudaon, one entering the stream of enlightenment
2. shidagon, one who has destroyed gross evil passions and will be reborn in the human and heavenly realms once more before entering Nirvana
3. anagon, one who has destroyed more of his evil passions, and will not be reborn in the realm of desire (world of transmigration)
4. arakan (arhat), who has destroyed all his evil passions.

I denounced the nembutsu, which people in Japan respect more than their parents and admire more highly than the sun and moon, as an act that causes people to fall into hell. I criticized Zen as the work of heavenly demons, and Shingon as an evil teaching destroying our country. I insisted Nembutsu, Zen and Ritsu temples be burned down and the nembutsu followers be beheaded. I even asserted that both the late Lay Priests Lord Saimyōji Tokiyori and Lord Gokurakuaji Shigetoki had fallen into the Avīci Hell. This was the extent of my offense. Since I forwarded such serious allegations to all the people, high and low, I won’t be pardoned from this exile even if they turn out not to be true. Moreover not only did I continue to voice these charges day and night, I also preached them in front of Hei no Saemonnojō and hundreds of officers on the tenth day of the ninth month in the eighth year of Bun’ei (1271), strongly declaring that I will never stop repeating them no matter what the punishment.

Kōnichi-bō Gosho, A Letter to Nun Kōnichi, Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Biography and Disciples, Volume 5, Page 48

I knew when I began this 100-day journey that I would reach this point. Years ago I read Nichiren’s letters, first as translated by Nichiren Shoshu and later as translated by Soka Gakkai. Before I started this new study, I had already read the first volume of the Nichiren Shu translation of Nichiren’s writings.

I insisted Nembutsu, Zen and Ritsu temples be burned down and the nembutsu followers be beheaded.

Is there a historical context, a Japanese context, anything that would justify advocating the death and destruction of all who disagree with Nichiren? This is a question I’ve long puzzled over, wondering how to place this in a modern context. [See postscript below]

Centuries of turmoil roiled Japan as people faithful to Nichiren’s words battled those who disagreed. The History of Japanese Buddhism includes this:

The last and bitterest of the combats was fought in Miyako in 1536, when the soldier-monks of Hiei in alliance with the Ikkō fanatics attacked the Nichirenites and burnt down twenty-one of their great temples in the capital and drove them out of the city. Shouts of “Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō,” the slogan of the Nichirenites, vied with “Namu Amida Butsu,” the prayer of the Ikkō men; many died on either side, each believing that the fight was fought for the glory of Buddha and that death secured his birth in paradise.

In November last year at the Komatsubara Persecution Service at the Sacramento Nichiren Buddhist Church, Ven. Kenjo Igarashi offered this lesson (paraphrased by me based on a recording of the lecture):

Nichiren Shonin used “strong words” in establishing the supremacy of the Lotus Sutra and Sakyamuni Buddha because he was trying to save the suffering people of Japan. But those strong words provoked many people to attack Nichiren Shonin.

Today we don’t use shakubuku to break people’s ideas and then teach them the correct view. Now we teach using shoju to lead and convince them respectfully, accepting and understanding their viewpoints and situations.

In Nichiren’s time, however, the calamities and unhappiness were seen as the consequence of failing to embrace the Lotus Sutra and Sakyamuni. Strong words were necessary to break the wrong views and to enable the embracing of the supreme teaching of the Lotus Sutra. Only then would the protective deities return to Japan and make peace for the people.

As I continue through Nichiren Shu’s seven volumes of Nichiren’s writings, I’ll come across more “strong words.” It will jar my modern sensibilities but not temper in any way my faith in the teaching of the Eternal Śākyamuni in the Sūtra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma.

I believe just as Rev. Igarashi said in his lecture:

If everyone follows Nichiren Shonin, then Sakyamuni Buddha and the deities are going to protect us all the time. Then we will be happy. Then we will have world peace.

Postscript

Postscripts to this day’s entry have been added in order to gather in one place examples of Nichiren’s reasoning in advocating violence against his opponents.

Day 87 of 100

These quotes come from Shugo Kokka-ron, Treatise on Protecting the Nation, Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 1

SECTION 2, SCRIPTURAL STATEMENTS TO SHOW WHY SLANDERERS OF THE TRUE DHARMA MUST BE DEALT WITH

Here, I would like to present passages in sūtras stating that slanderers in the royal domain should be dealt with. It is stated in the Nirvana Sūtra, fascicle 3: “The Buddha asked, ‘The king and ministers of a state and four categories of Buddhists (monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen) should severely deal with those who are idle in practicing Buddhism, break Buddhist precepts, and slander the True Dharma. Gentlemen, do you think this king and others who punish such people are committing a sin?’ ‘No, World Honored One, we do not think so,’ answered Kāśyapa and others. The Buddha stated, ‘Gentlemen, such a king and the four categories of Buddhists are innocent of any sin.’ ”

The sūtra also states in fascicle 12: “In a past life I had once been born to this Sahā World as King Sen’yo of a great state. I cherished and revered Mahayana sūtras, having a pure and virtuous mind without a bad temper and jealousy. … Gentlemen, as I firmly believed in Mahayana, as soon as I heard Brahmans slander Mahayana sūtras, I killed them. Gentlemen, because of this merit of protecting the True Dharma, I have never again fallen into hell.”

… [In the Nirvana Sutra] the Buddha warned His disciples, “Those who do not reprimand slanderers of the True Dharma are not His disciples.” Thus it is stated in the Nirvana Sutra, fascicle 3: “Suppose after My extinction there will be a monk who strictly observes Buddhist precepts, acts with dignity, and believes in the True Dharma. Upon seeing those who destroy the True Dharma, he should at once chase, chastise and punish them. Then he will gain immeasurable happiness.” The sūtra says also, “Suppose there is a virtuous monk who, upon seeing slanderers of the True Dharma, leaves them alone without reprimanding, chasing, and punishing them, you should know that he is an enemy of Buddhism. If he chases, reprimands, and punishes them, he is My disciple and a true śrāvaka.”

Hoping to be counted a disciple of the Buddha, I wrote this book to define the sin of slandering the True Dharma and propagate it among the people. May Buddhas in all the worlds in the universe help me disseminate this book and stop the worst dharma spreading further in order to save all people from the sin of slandering the True Dharma!

Shugo Kokka-ron, Treatise on Protecting the Nation, Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 1, Pages 51-53

These quotes come from Risshō Ankoku-ron, Treatise on Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Dharma

In the text below, words inside square brackets [] are found only in the “expanded edition” of Risshō Ankoku-ron. Words inside curly brackets {} are inserted for clarity. Words in parentheses () were inserted by translators.

The {Nirvana} sūtra also states that when the Buddha was a king practicing the bodhisattva way once in His previous life, He killed many Brahmans. The same sūtra explains the killing:

There are three categories in killing: the lower, the intermediate, and the upper. The lower category means killing all beasts beginning with an ant, except those into which bodhisattvas transformed themselves in order to save others. For committing a killing of the lower category one will fall into hell, the realm of hungry spirits, or that of beasts and birds, where he will undergo all the sufferings of the lower category. Why is it? Because each beast possesses the Buddha-nature, though it may be little, those who kill such a beast will receive full punishment for this offense.

The intermediate category means murdering people, including ordinary people, as well as those sagacious people, who have reached the stage of not being reborn in the world of transmigration. Those who commit this sin will fall into hell, the realm of hungry spirits or that of beasts and birds to bear all the sufferings of the intermediate category.

The upper category of killing means to kill one’s parents, arhats, pratyekabuddha, or bodhisattvas who have reached the stage of no regression. He who commits this sin will fall into the Hell of Incessant Suffering. Good man! Killing a man of icchantika, however, is not included in these three categories. Good man! Those Brahmans who slander the True Dharma are all without exception men of icchantika; murdering them does not constitute a sin.

The Buddha addressed King Prasenajit in the Sūtra of the Benevolent King: “Therefore, I will transmit this sūtra to kings, not to monks or nuns, who are not as powerful as kings.”

The Nirvana Sūtra restates this: “Now I will transmit this supreme True Dharma to kings, ministers, prime ministers, and the four categories of Buddhists (monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen). Ministers and the four categories of Buddhists should chastise those who slander the True Dharma.”

The Buddha preached to Kāśyapa Bodhisattva in the same sūtra: “Kāśyapa! Because of the karma from upholding the True Dharma in My previous lives, I was able to attain Buddhahood with My body as indestructible as a diamond. Good man! Those who wish to uphold the True Dharma should arm themselves with swords, bows and arrows, and halberds, instead of observing the five precepts (against killing, stealing, adultery, lying, and drinking alcohol), and keeping propriety.”

It also states: “Those who keep the five precepts are not necessarily practicers of Mahayana Buddhism. Even those who do not observe the five precepts can be called the men of Mahayana if they protect the True Dharma. Protectors of the True Dharma should arm themselves with swords and sticks. Even if they carry swords and sticks, they should be called the keepers of the precepts.”

The Buddha then related to Kāśyapa in the same sūtra the merit of His having defended the True Dharma in His previous lives:

Good man! Once in the past a Buddha named the Buddha of Joy lived in the City of Kuśinagara. The True Dharma of this Buddha lasted for countless hundreds of millions of years after His death. During the last forty years of this period, a monk called Virtue Consciousness appeared, and he strictly observed the precepts. As it was toward the end of the Age of the True Dharma, there were many monks who violated the precepts. Upon hearing Monk Virtue Consciousness preach the True Dharma, these evil monks hated and persecuted him with swords and sticks.

The king, named Virtuous, heard about this. In order to protect the dharma he hurried to this preacher and battled to the utmost of his power against those evil monks who did not keep the precepts. The preacher, Virtue Consciousness, was rescued unharmed but the king was wounded by swords and halberds so not any part of his body, even the size of a poppy seed, was left unharmed. Virtue Consciousness praised the king saying, “Excellent! Excellent! Now you, King Virtuous, are truly the protector of the True Dharma. You will be able to become a preacher of immeasurable strength.”

Hearing this, the king felt great joy in his heart and passed away. He was reborn in the land of Immovable Buddha to be the first disciple of this Buddha. Those of the king’s generals, soldiers, people, and clansmen who followed him in the battlefields or felt happy at seeing the king fight for the True Dharma all aspired for Buddhahood without ever falling back. When they died, they all were reborn in the land of Immovable Buddha. When Monk Virtue Consciousness died, he, too, was reborn in the land of Immovable Buddha, becoming the second disciple of this Buddha among all those who heard Him preach.

When the True Dharma is about to disappear, this is the way one should uphold and defend it. Listen, Kāśyapa! King Virtuous then was I, Śākyamuni Buddha, today; and Preacher Virtue Consciousness was Kāśyapa Buddha. Kāśyapa! Those who defend the True Dharma will gain such an immeasurable reward as this. Due to this karma of Mine in the past, I was able to attain various physical characteristics and attain Buddhahood with the indestructible Dharma Body.

The Buddha continued to instruct Kāśyapa Bodhisattva. Therefore, those laymen who wish to defend the True Dharma should arm themselves with swords and sticks in order to defend it just as King Virtuous did. Good man! In the decadent world after My (Śākyamuni’s) death, countries will be in chaos, plundering one another, and the people will be at the brink of starvation. Faced with starvation, many will aspire to enter the priesthood. Such people should be called “shaven-heads”, monks in form only. These “shaven-heads”, will chase out, harm, or even kill those who defend the True Dharma. Therefore, I now allow monks who keep precepts to ally with lay people who arm themselves with swords and sticks for the purpose of defending the True Dharma. Although these people may hold swords and sticks, it is for the purpose of defending the True Dharma. Therefore, I call them keepers of the precepts. Although they may hold weapons for the defense of the True Dharma, they may not kill people at random.

The third chapter, “A Parable,” of the Lotus Sūtra points out the graveness of the sin of slandering the True Dharma: “He who does not put faith in this sūtra and slanders it will destroy the seed of Buddhahood of all the people in the world. [ Also, he who slights, hates, envies, and bears a grudge against those who read, recite, copy and uphold this sūtra . . . will fall into the Hell of Incessant Suffering upon death.”

The meaning of the above citations is quite clear. Yet, how they need my words of explanation! According to the Lotus Sūtra, slandering the Mahayana sūtras is more sinful than committing the five rebellious sins, such as killing one’s own parents, countless times. Therefore, such sinners will fall into the Hell of Incessant Suffering, from which they will never be able to escape.

According to the Nirvana Sūtra, even if offerings to offenders of the five rebellious sins are permitted, it is not permitted to give offerings to slanderers of the True Dharma. One who kills an ant will fall into the three evil realms (hell, the realm of hungry spirits, and that of beasts and birds) without fail, but one who eliminates a slanderer of the True Dharma will reach the stage of non-regression, and eventually will attain Buddhahood. Monk Virtue Consciousness, who preached the True Dharma in the past despite persecution by slanderers of the True Dharma, became the Kāśyapa Buddha, and King Virtuous, who killed slanders to defend the True Dharma, was reborn in this world as Śākyamuni Buddha. …

VIII. OUTLAWING THE SLANDERERS

THE TRAVELER THEN ASKED THE MASTER: In order to eliminate the slanderers of the True Dharma in compliance with commandments of the Buddha, is it necessary to put them to death as preached in the Nirvana Sutra? If so, killing will beget killing. What should we do about sinful karma then? …

THE MASTER STATED IN RESPONSE: You, my guest, have seen clear statements in the Nirvana Sūtra outlawing slanderers of the True Dharma. Yet you ask me such a question. Is it because you don’t understand them, or is it because you don’t know the reason for them? What the Nirvana Sūtra means is not that we should outlaw disciples of the Buddha at all but that we should solely chastise slanderers of the True Dharma.

[The scriptural statements you cited above concerns monks with right views who may or may not observe precepts, and who have not received them, while what I am urging to eliminate are those with evil views who may or may not keep precepts and who have not received them.]

Speaking of the previous lives of Śākyamuni Buddha, the Nirvana Sūtra states that the Buddha, appearing as King Sen’yo and King Virtuous, killed slanderers of the True Dharma. However, the present Śākyamuni Buddha preaches not to give offerings to such slanderers. [Nevertheless, this is a special method applicable only to certain occasions. King Śīlāditya of ancient India was a sage who protected Buddhism. Punishing only the ringleader, the king spared the lives of all other members who rebelled against him, banishing them from his kingdom. Emperor Hsüan-tsung of T’ang China was a wise ruler who protected Buddhism. He executed 12 Taoist masters, eliminating enmies of the Buddha and restoring Buddhism.

These examples in India and China are of non-Buddhists and Taoist masters trying to destroy Buddhism. Their sins were comparatively light. On the contrary today in Japan, a disciple of the Buddha is about to destroy Buddhism. His sin is extremely grave; he must be strictly punished without delay.] Therefore, if all the countries in the world and the four kinds of Buddhists (monks, nuns, laymen and laywomen) all stop giving offerings to the evil priests who slander the True Dharma, putting all their faith instead in the defenders of the True Dharma, how can anymore calamities arise or disasters confront us?

Risshō Ankoku-ron, Treatise on Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Dharma, Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 1, Pages 131-137

While this suggests that in 1260, when submitting the Risshō Ankoku-ron, Nichiren only wanted to deprive opponents of the Lotus Sūtra of financial support, the “Senji-shō, Selecting the Right time: A Tract by Nichiren, the Buddha’s Disciple” suggests that by 1271 he was advocating beheading opponent priests.

It is said in a non-Buddhist writing that those who can predict things before they actually take place can be called sages. In Buddhism, those who see life in the past, present, and future are called sages. I made three outstanding predictions. First on the 16th of the seventh month in the first year of Bunnō (1260), upon presenting my “Risshō ankoku-ron (Treatise on Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Dharma)” to the former Shogunal Regent, Hōjō Tokiyori, I told Lay Priest Yadoya, an entourage of Tokiyori: “Please tell the former Regent to probibit the Zen and Pure Land Schools. Otherwise fighting will break out within the Hōjō Clan and Japan will be attacked by foreign powers. ”

In the second place, at about 4p.m. on the 12th of the ninth month in the eighth year of Bun’ei (1271) I declared to Hei no Saemonnojō when he came to arrest me at Matsubagayatsu:

I, Nichiren, am the chief support of Japan. When you kill me, you will cut the pillar of Japan. Before long, there will be a civil war, in which the Japanese people fight among themselves, and foreign invasion, in which many people in Japan will not only be killed but also captured by foreign invaders. Unless all the temples of the Pure Land and Zen Schools such as Kenchōji, Jufukuji, Gokurakuji, Great Buddha, and Chōrakuji are burned down and their priests all beheaded at Yuigahama Beach, Japan will be bound to be destroyed.

Senji-shō, Selecting the Right time: A Tract by Nichiren, the Buddha’s Disciple, Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 1, Page 242-243

While it is difficult from a modern standpoint to imagine justification for vowing to behead opponents, the context at the time was framed in a historical record of such acts by governments. These examples of Nichiren’s historical view come from Gōnin-jō Go-henji, Response to Gōnin’s Letter:

King Puṣyamitra of India burned down as many as 84,000 Buddhist temples and towers, beheaded countless number of Buddhist priests while Emperor Wu-tsung of T’ang China destroyed more than 4,600 Buddhist temples and secularized priests and nuns in nine states. Though wrongdoers of magnitude, they nevertheless cannot compare to those slanderers of the True Dharma in Japan. Thus, gods in heaven glare at the country and deities on earth tremble with rage, causing strange phenomena in the sky and natural calamities on earth.

Gōnin-jō Go-henji, Response to Gōnin’s Letter, Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 1, Page 255