Chih-i cites various passages in the Lotus Sūtra to support his own argument of taking the Ultimate Truth as substance (as this substance conveys the principle of neither cause nor effect). The phrases such as those in the chapter on “Introduction”: “Presently, the Buddha signals ray of light, wishing to reveal the doctrine of the Ultimate Truth,” “The doctrine of the Ultimate Truth of all dharmas, I have already taught you” and that in the chapter on “Expedient Means”: “Only Buddhas and Buddhas can exhaust the Ultimate Truth of all dharmas,” etc., prove that only the Ultimate Truth concerns leading beings to open the Buddha’s knowledge and insight, which can be characterized as the substance concerning the principle of neither cause nor effect. (Vol. 2, Page 408)