This is another in a series of weekly blog posts comparing and contrasting the Sanskrit and Chinese Lotus Sutra translations.

H. Kern and Senchu Murano – and by extension the 11th century Nepalese Sanskrit Lotus Sutra and Kumārajīva’s fifth century Chinese Lotus Sutra – agree on the first arhat in the list of those present at the start of the Lotus Sutra – Ājñāta-Kauṇḍinya. (See this table.) Ājñāta-Kauṇḍinya was one of the five ascetics who heard the first sermon by the newly enlightened Śākyamuni. Unlike Murano, Kern’s list of arhats has all five ascetics at the top.

From the Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism:

Pañcavargika: In Sanskrit, the “group of five”; the five ascetics who practiced austerities with the bodhisattva prior to his enlightenment and to whom the Buddha preached his first sermon after his enlightenment, thus becoming the Buddha’s first disciples. They are Ājñātakauṇḍinya (or Kauṇḍinya), Aśvajit, Vāṣpa, Mahānāman, and Bhadrika. According to the Pāli account … , [Ājñātakauṇḍinya] had been present as one of the eight brāhmaṇas who attended the infant’s naming ceremony, during which the prophesy was made that the prince would one day become either a wheel-turning monarch … or a buddha. The other four ascetics were sons of four of the other brāhmaṇas in attendance at the naming ceremony. When the prince gave up his practice of austerities and accepted a meal, the five ascetics abandoned him in disgust. After his enlightenment, the Buddha surveyed the world with his divine eye … and surmised that, of all people then alive, these five ascetics were most likely to understand the profundity of his message. When he first approached them, they refused to recognize him, but the power of his charisma was such that they felt compelled to show him the honor due a teacher. He preached to them two important discourses, the Dhammacakkappavaitanasutta [The Setting in Motion of the Wheel of the Dharma Sutta], in which he explained the Four Noble Truths … , and the Anattalakkhaṇasutta … , in which he explained the doctrine of nonself… . Upon hearing and comprehending the first sermon, the five ascetics attained the dhammacakku … or the “dhamma eye,” an attainment equated in the Pali canon with that of the stream-enterer … . The five then requested to be accepted as the Buddha’s disciples and were ordained as the first Buddhist monks. … Upon hearing the second sermon, the five were completely freed of the contaminants … , becoming thereby arahants (arhat) freed from the prospect of any further rebirth. With this experience, there were then six arahants in the world, including the Buddha.

Another addition by Kern that’s not present in Murano or other English translations based on Kumārajīva’s Chinese translation is the venerable Bharadvaja. The name means “One Who Carries a Banner” or “Son of the One Who Carries a Banner.” He is counted among the “sixteen arhats,” or ṣoḍaśasthavira.

From the Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism:

In Sanskrit, “the sixteen elders” (most commonly known in the East Asian tradition as the “sixteen arhats”); a group of sixteen venerated arhat … disciples of the Buddha whom the Buddha orders to forgo nirvāṇa and to continue to dwell in this world in order to preserve the Buddhist teachings until the coming of the future buddha, Maitreya. Each of these arhats is assigned an (often mythical) residence and a retinue of disciples. With Maitreya’s advent, they will gather the relics of the current buddha Śākyamuni and erect one last stūpa to hold them, after which they will finally pass into parinirvāṇa. …

The standard roster of arhats now recognized in the East Asian tradition, in their typical order, are

1. Piṇḍola Bhāradvāja;
2. Kanakavatsa;
3. Kanaka Bhāradvāja;
4. Subinda [Alt. Suvinda];
5. Bakkula [Alt. Bākula, Nakulal];
6. Bhadra;
7. Kālika [Alt. Karīkal;
8. Vajraputra;
9. Jīvaka;
10. Panthaka;
11. Rāhula,
12. Nāgasena;
13. Aṅgaja;
14. Vanavāsin;
15. Ajita;
16. Cūḍapanthaka.

Next: Where is Upali?