The meaning of the Ten Suchnesses in the realm of the Two Vehicles (śrāvaka and pratyekabuddha) is defined from the perspective of the attainment of real non-defilement (Chen-wu-lou). “Appearance” refers to Nirvāṇa that is attained by the Two Vehicles. “Nature” indicates that the Two Vehicles are beyond the dichotomy of good and evil. “Substance” refers to the five attributes of the Dharma-body (dharmakāya). “Power” refers to the ability of the Two Vehicles to appear and move about in the three realms (desire, form, and formlessness), and is their potential capability of attaining the Path (i.e., liberation or nirvāṇa). “Function” means to strive diligently to make progress. “Causes” refers to correct knowledge of non-defilement. “Conditions” refers to practice of practice (Hsing-hsing), which is the auxiliary for attaining enlightenment. “Effects” refers to the Four Fruitions. “Retributions” indicates that the Two Vehicles have no retribution, since they have no further rebirth. Chih-i adds that this no-retribution is from the point of view of Śrāvakayāna. From the viewpoint of Mahāyāna, their non-defilement is still considered to be defilement, because the Two Vehicles have not eliminated all delusions, and still receive the rebirth of metamorphoses. Chih-i further explains that if non-defilement is the cause and ignorance is the condition, then being reborn in the land of metamorphoses is the retribution.” (Vol. 2, Page 77-78)