The term Sravaka originally applied to a direct “hearer” or disciple of Sakyamuni. Representatives of this group are superior elders such as Sariputra and Maha-Maudgalyayana. In a broader sense, however, students of other teachers besides Sakyamuni can be called “hearers.”

As a rule, they are celibate monks who live in groups apart from the rest of society and perform systematic practices and study. (Nichiren pointed out that we all are “hearers” when we become involved in a course of studies. The harder we study, the more we cut ourselves off from outside distractions.)