In terms of “explaining retinues that are formed by individual vows” (Ming Yüan-sheng Chüan-shu), this category of retinues is referred by Chih-i to the beings that had affinity with the Buddha in their previous lives, and because of their vows, they are reborn in this lifetime to attend the Buddha. If they attained the Path in this lifetime, they are referred by Chih-i as internal retinues (Nei Chüan-shu), and if they have not attained the Path, they are referred by Chih-i as external retinues (Wai Chüan-shu). These external retinues have to wait for the future Buddha to come in order to attain enlightenment. (Vol. 2, Page 291)