In the first place, the “Wheel-turning Noble King” is the foremost among humans. When this king appears in the world, a huge tree called uḍumbara grows in the ocean, blossoms and bears fruits as an omen. There are four kinds of “Noble King” based on the different qualities of the wheel. When the “Golden-wheel King” appears, peace prevails throughout the Four Continents, the earth is as soft as cotton, the ocean is as sweet as nectar, and the seven treasures grow like plants and trees on golden mountains. This king can travel around the world in a moment as various heavenly beings protect him and demons come to serve him while the dragon king sends down rain when appropriate. Even lowly people can travel around the whole world in a moment by following this king. These wonderful merits of the “Wheel-turning Noble King” are all rewards for having practiced the “ten good acts” in the past lives.

Incomparably superior to the Wheel-turning Noble King are the Four Great Heavenly Kings including Vaiśravaṇa, who are the great kings of the Four Continents. Indra is the lord of Trāyastriṃsá (the heaven of the 33 gods) while the King of Devils in the Sixth Heaven dwells on top of the realm of desire and controls the triple world. They acquired such good fortune by virtue of observing the ten good precepts to the highest degree and through giving the root of goodness equally to all without discrimination. The King of the Mahābrahman Heaven, who is the lord of the triple world, dwells on the summit of the world of form waited on by the King of Devils and Indra, and he controls the triple-thousand worlds. This is the merit received from having practiced not only the meditation to eliminate worldly passions but also the Four Infinite Virtues (of benevolence, compassion, giving joy, and selflessness).

The voice-hearer (śrāvaka) refers to disciples of the Buddha such as Śāriputra and Kāśyapa. They observed the 250 precepts and practiced the supra-worldly meditation. Moreover, they contemplated the truths of suffering, emptiness, impermanence, and self-effacement; completely eliminated the delusions arising from false views and thoughts; and mastered the supernatural power of being in water and fire. Therefore they were able to make even the King of the Mahābrahman Heaven and Indra their followers.

A Hinayana sage known as Pratyekabuddha is incomparably superior to a śrāvaka. He is so great that he can stand in for the Buddha to appear in the world to save its people. It is said that there was once a hunter who in a time of famine gave a bowl of rice mixed with barnyard millet to a pratyekabuddha called Rita, and as a result he was rewarded with rebirth as a man of wealth in the human or heavenly world for as long as 91 kalpa (aeons). Aniruddha, one of the ten great disciples of the Buddha who is reputed to have mastered the divine-eye of heavenly beings to see through everything, is said to have been [the incarnation of) the hunter. Grand Master Miao-lê interprets this, “Although the bowl of barnyard millet rice has little value, the hunter donated all that he owned to a person of great merit. Therefore, the hunter was rewarded with such good fortune.” It means that although a bowl of millet rice was not much in value, it was presented to a noble person of Pratyekabuddha status, and this is the reason why he was able to be reborn with such good luck.

Next, bodhisattvas refer to such practicers of Buddhism as Mañjuśrī and Maitreya. These great bodhisattvas are incomparably superior to such Buddhist sages called Pratyekabuddha. A Buddha is a wonderfully enlightened one who completely eliminated all the 42 stages of spiritual darkness, and he is like the harvest moon on the night of the 15th day of the eighth month. Compared to a Buddha, a bodhisattva is the one who eliminated the 41 stages of spiritual darkness reaching a rank nearly equal to the Buddha. One might say a bodhisattva is the moon on the 14th night of the eighth month.

Finally, a Buddha is a hundred, thousand, ten thousand, and hundred million times superior to those mentioned above. He has 32 marks of physical excellence such as a “Brahma’s voice,” the top of His head which no one can see, a bump on top of His head, a curl of white hair that is always shining in the middle of His forehead, and dharma-cakra on the soles of His feet. It is said that in order to gain one of these 32 marks, one has to accumulate the merit of 100 “meritorious acts.” Suppose there is a great physician who can simultaneously open the eyes of all the blind in Japan, China, and the 16 great countries, 500 middle-sized countries, and 10,000 small countries that make up India, as well as the continent of Jambudvipa, the four continents surrounding Mt. Sumeru, the six heavens in the realm of desire, and all the worlds in the universe. His work certainly falls in the category of “meritorious acts,” but only when he repeats the “meritorious acts” such as this 100 times can [he] receive one of the 32 marks of physical excellence. Accordingly, the merits of having one of these 32 marks is more numerous than the vegetation in the triple-thousand worlds or the number of raindrops in the entire world. It is said that during the kalpa of destruction a terrible wind known as sogyada would blow Mt. Sumeru up to the top of the realm of form smashing it to small pieces. Even such a fierce wind as this cannot move a single hair of a Buddha. It is also said that the Buddha has a great fire stored in His chest. It is called “Great Wisdom of Equality, Light of Great Knowledge, Fire Pit Meditation,” and He sometimes cremates Himself upon entering Nirvana in this fire. If heavenly beings and dragon gods in the six heavens of the realm of desire and oceans in the four directions gather together, and out of sorrow for the passing of the Buddha, they try to extinguish this great fire by causing such a great rain that all the lands in the whole universe are flooded and Mt. Sumeru begins to flow, it is said, they cannot extinguish this great fire of the Buddha.

Hōren-shō, Letter to Hōren, Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Volume 6, Followers I, Pages 45-47

This relationship between gods and followers of the Buddha is fascinating to me. That voice-hearers (śrāvakas) can make gods in Heaven their followers helps frame the universe of the Lotus Sūtra, the only medicine that can cure the poison of śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas.