I suppose I have a special affection for Chapter 7 since the Parable of the Magic City inspired so much of my effort here to document my journey to the place of treasures.

Consider the faith demonstrated by the 16 sons of Great-Universal-Wisdom-Excellence Buddha:

“When the sons heard that their father had attained Anuttara-samyak-saṃbodhi, they gave up the playthings, left home, and came to that Buddha.”

Contrast that with the children playing in the burning house who couldn’t be bothered to pay attention to their father and his warnings.

These 16 princes of Great-Universal-Wisdom-Excellence Buddha demonstrate a deep understanding of the perils faced in the triple world.

“All living beings are suffering.
Being blind, they have no leader.
They do not know how to stop suffering,
Or that they should seek emancipation.
In the long night fewer people go to heaven,
And more people go to the evil regions.
They go from darkness to darkness, and do not hear
Of the names of the Buddhas.”

I’ve always been struck by the line: “In the long night fewer people go to heaven and more people go to the evil regions.” These are the consequences of ignorance of the Dharma.

The great Brahman-heavenly-kings of the five hundred billion worlds in the zenith reinforce this message after traveling in search of the source of an unusual light illumining the universe:

“The All-Knower, the Most Honorable One of Gods and Men,
Opens the gate of the teachings as sweet as nectar,
And saves all living beings
Out of his compassion towards them.

“There has been no Buddha
For the past innumerable kalpas.
Before you appeared,
The worlds of the ten quarters were dark.

“The living beings in the three evil regions
And asuras are increasing.
The living beings in heaven are decreasing.
Many fall into the evil regions after their death.

“They do not hear the Dharma from a Buddha
Because they did evils,
Their appearances are getting worse;
And their power and wisdom, decreasing.
Because they did sinful karmas,
They lose pleasures and the memory of pleasures.
They are attached to wrong views.
They do not know how to do good.
They are not taught by a Buddha;
Therefore, they fall into the evil regions.”

The Buddha “opens the gate of the teachings as sweet as nectar.” We are asked to have faith and step through the gate.

Nichiren reminds us of just how rare it is to find this treasure:

“The chances of our being born in the three evil realms are more numerous than particles of dust on earth, while chances of our being born in the human realm are as scarce as the specks of dirt on a fingernail. (…) The chances of our encountering expedient sūtras preached in the forty-odd years before the Lotus Sūtra are more numerous than the particles of dust on earth, while encountering the Lotus-Nirvana Sūtras is as scarce as specks of dirt on a fingernail.

Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 1, Page 66

Before getting into what I consider the meat of Chapter 7, The Parable of a Magic City, I want first to explore the idea of faith and its role in overcoming obstacles. Consider Great-Universal-Wisdom-Excellence Buddha’s trouble attaining Anuttara-samyak-saṃbodhi – unexcelled perfect enlightenment.

“The duration of the life of Great-Universal-Wisdom-Excellence Buddha was five hundred and forty billion nayuta kalpas. [Before he attained Buddhahood,] he sat at the place of enlightenment and defeated the army of Mara. He wished to attain Anuttara-samyak-saṃbodhi, but could not because the Dharma of the Buddhas had not yet come into his mind. He sat cross-legged without moving his mind and body for one to ten small kalpas. During all that time the Dharma of the Buddhas did not come into his mind.”

Now, 10 small kalpas is a tiny fraction of Great-Universal-Wisdom-Excellence Buddha’s lifespan of five hundred and forty billion nayuta kalpas, but it still represents a long time to remain “cross-legged without moving his mind.” Why was so much time required?

Consider the tale published in 2007 by Paulo Coelho that he adapted from a story sent to him by Sonaira D’Avila.

“A man spent hours watching a butterfly struggling to emerge from its cocoon. It managed to make a small hole, but its body was too large to get through it. After a long struggle, it appeared to be exhausted and remained absolutely still.

“The man decided to help the butterfly and, with a pair of scissors, he cut open the cocoon, thus releasing the butterfly. However, the butterfly’s body was very small and wrinkled and its wings were all crumpled.

“The man continued to watch, hoping that, at any moment, the butterfly would open its wings and fly away. Nothing happened; in fact, the butterfly spent the rest of its brief life dragging around its shrunken body and shriveled wings, incapable of flight.

“What the man – out of kindness and his eagerness to help – had failed to understand was that the tight cocoon and the efforts that the butterfly had to make in order to squeeze out of that tiny hole were Nature’s way of training the butterfly and of strengthening its wings.

“Sometimes, a little extra effort is precisely what prepares us for the next obstacle to be faced. Anyone who refuses to make that effort, or gets the wrong sort of help, is left unprepared to fight the next battle and never manages to fly off to their destiny.”

In the Parable of the Burning House in Chapter 3, the Buddha explains:

“Śāriputra! The rich man did not save his children by his muscular power although he was strong enough. He saved them from the burning house with a skillful expedient and later gave them each a large cart of treasures.

“In the same manner, I save all living beings from the burning house of the triple world, not by my powers or fearlessness, but with a skillful expedient.”

Faith sets us on the path. With our struggles we grow stronger.

In the Lotus Sutra, the Buddha does not say, “You are a Buddha.” Instead, we are invited to open a gate and enter a wonderous path. Faith is the requisite of the Assurance of Future Buddhahood in Chapter 6 and elsewhere in the Lotus Sutra. Faith is the minimum qualification to unlock the gate.

In Buddhism for Today, Nikkyō Niwano explains it this way:

“ ‘Prediction’ means that the Buddha gives us the assurance, “You will surely become buddhas.” The term ‘prediction’ (juki) includes three meanings of great importance and subtlety, which it is essential that we understand. The first important point is that Sakyamuni Buddha says not ‘You are buddhas’ but ‘You will become buddhas.’ In the sight of the Buddha, all living beings have the buddha-nature, and any one of them can definitely become a buddha. But if the Buddha says merely, “You are buddhas,” this statement will be greatly misunderstood by ordinary people. They will be liable to take these words to mean that they are already perfected as buddhas while in a state of illusion and will have the idea that they can become buddhas without any effort, like riding an escalator.

“The prediction given by the Buddha is often compared to an admission permit to a school, and this comparison is quite just. It is not a diploma but only an admission permit. This assurance signifies, ‘You have passed the entrance examination of the highest university, which leads to the degree of buddhahood. If you study here for some years, you will surely graduate and will become buddhas.’ Having this assurance, ordinary people must hereafter practice all the more, and must make ever greater efforts to realize this goal.

“What a joyful thing it is for ordinary people to have obtained admission to the Buddha’s university — to have received the Buddha’s prediction, ‘You will become buddhas.’ ”

Just as we are certain to face obstacles to graduating from a university, as we practice and study the path to buddhahood we face many obstacles. In Misawa-shō, A Letter to Lord Misawa of Suruga, Nichiren warns of the three hindrances and four devils, the last of which is the King of Devils in the Sixth Heaven.

“Upon the sight of one within the reach of Buddhahood, the King of Devils in the Sixth Heaven would be stirred to say: ‘If one is an entity of this world, he (one) not only strives to depart from the illusion of life and death and become Buddha but also tries to lead as many as possible into Buddhism, controls this world, and transforms this defiled world into a paradise. What ought to be done?’”

Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 2, Page 239-240

We are fortunate to be attending the great university of the Lotus Sutra in this Latter Age for we have Namu-Myōhō-Renge-Kyō to drive back the henchmen of the King of Devils. With the Daimoku we can overcome their efforts to distract us from our goal.

The word faith does not appear in Chapter 6, Assurance of Future Buddhahood. In fact, when I first began my cycle of reading the Lotus Sutra, this chapter seemed to illustrate a lack of faith.

I was dismissive of the śrāvakas pleading to be given a prediction of future buddhahood. After all, these people were in this only for themselves. Influencing my interpretation were simplified definitions of śrāvaka and pratyekabuddha such as this one from the Introduction to the Lotus Sutra:

“Although ‘hearers’ and ‘private Buddhas’ are earnest seekers, they have one critical shortcoming. In pursuing their aim for individual emancipation, they tend to become self-absorbed and neglect the needs of other people. This weakness is the main reason why their teachings are called the ‘Lesser Vehicle’: They carry the driver but no passengers. Some Mahayana sutras are extremely critical of them, saying that followers of the Lesser Vehicle cannot possibly attain Buddhahood; they are too self-centered.”

Even though I realized the whole point of their prediction was to open the door to buddhahood for everyone, this constant pleading on their part just came across as self-serving. With each request for a prediction, I was reminded of the children in the Parable of the Burning House:

“Give us
The three kinds of jeweled carts
That you promised us!
You said:
‘Come out, and I will give you
The three kinds of carts as you like.’
Now is the time for that.
Give them to us now!”

In Buddhism for Today, Nikkyō Niwano makes the case for a different interpretation.

“At the end of the second verse portion of chapter 6, Maudgalyāyana, Subhūti, Kātyāyana, and others spoke in unison as follows:

“ ‘Great Hero, World-honored One!
Thou dost ever desire to pacify the world;
Be pleased to bestow our prediction.’

“What they are saying is: ‘The Buddha always desires to make all the people of the world feel at ease. We also desire to become buddhas and to make them live in peace. Please give us your assurance of becoming buddhas.’

“They do not mean that they alone be saved and become buddhas, or that they alone become buddhas and attain peace of mind. Their final purpose is to make all the people of the world happy. This is a most important point. We must understand that the real intention of these disciples in earnestly requesting that the Buddha give them his assurance of becoming buddhas lies in the fact that they wanted to obtain such freedom and power as to be capable of making others happy. If we do not realize this, we are likely to receive the mistaken impression that they asked the Buddha for only their own personal enlightenment and mental peace.”

I don’t necessarily agree with Nikkyō Niwano, but I admit that my interpretation is unhelpful. These predictions are necessary. They allow everyone to develop the faith needed to defeat doubt and fear – to walk the path to buddhahood, the Bodhisattva path that puts the interests of others before self.

In my last essay I said flatly, “We cannot expect flowering herbs to become towering oak trees.” Before I leave Chapter 5 and the Simile of the Herbs I want to take one last bite out of this topic in answer to those who would argue that there are right and wrong practices and a need for practicers to adhere to proper actions, especially when new in faith.

When I was in high school, I joined the cross country running team. I chose cross country because that was the only team that accepted everyone. All the coach cared about was your willingness to complete the 2.1 mile course. With work and perseverance, I became good enough to co-captain the junior varsity team, but I never possessed the fluid ease displayed by the varsity team runners.

In the off season I was expected to run track. I hated track. I could run up hills and across streams and down into valleys and back up the hills, but eight times around the flat, quarter-mile track – that was unbearable.

One season of track was enough. When track season came around the next year, I told the coach I would just practice distance running on my own and join him for the next cross country season. The coach said if I didn’t run track, I couldn’t be on the cross country team. So I quit running, took up smoking and drinking and spent most of my senior year at the beach. I did so poorly in my first year of junior college that there was no way I could defer the draft board’s interest in me. I escaped the Army by joining the Navy and replaced a ground tour of Vietnam with an 11-month cruise in the Gulf of Tonkin.

In pushing one practice over another, in criticizing in any way the sincere intent of another, we smother the flame of faith, especially in those new to the Lotus Sutra. I would never suggest someone must practice as I do, especially my 32 Days of the Lotus Sutra practice. Rev. Igarashi at the Sacramento Nichiren Buddhist Church never urges others to emulate his practice of reciting a full fascicle of the Lotus Sutra at each of his three daily services.

Nichiren stressed the importance of the Daimoku for a reason. My hourlong morning service and hourlong evening service is no more important than a single, heartfelt Namu-Myoho-Renge-Kyo. Rather than attempting to force all of the round pegs into square ritual structures, we would be much more helpful encouraging sincere, good intentions and emulating the Buddha:

“I am not tired of giving
The rain of the Dharma to all living beings.
I have no partiality for them,
Whether they are noble or mean,
Whether they observe or violate the precepts,
Whether they live a monastic life or not,
Whether they have right or wrong views,
Whether they are clever or dull.

“Those who hear the Dharma from me
Will reach various stages
[Of enlightenment]
According to their capacities.”

With each reading of Chapter 5, The Simile of Herbs, I am encouraged by the sutra’s embrace of diversity. One Dharma rains on all manner of different species, and as we take faith in the Lotus Sutra and practice and grow, nourished by that universal rain, we obtain different flowers and fruits.

We are not all the same. There is no reason to expect uniformity in those who take faith in the Lotus Sutra. We cannot expect flowering herbs to become towering oak trees. That’s just not going to happen.

When I was still a member of Soka Gakkai I would frequently hear whispers about this or that leader’s practice or, more often, lack of practice. Such gossip undermined everyone’s faith. Today, I’ve moved so far in the other direction that I now argue that any sincere practice will have the same benefit as any formal ritual.

In Nichiren’s Gassui Gosho, A Letter on Menstruation, Nichiren explains:

“You may chant the whole twenty-eight chapters, one chapter, one paragraph, one sentence or even one character of the Lotus Sūtra a day. Or, you may chant the daimoku, ‘Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō,’ just once in a day or once in your whole life. Even if you may never chant the daimoku yourself, you may rejoice at hearing others chant it just once in your whole life. Or you may rejoice with others who rejoice at hearing a voice chanting the daimoku. The joy of the daimoku chanting transmitted 50 times this way from person to person, will grow weaker steadily until in the last fiftieth person it will be as uncertain as the mind of a two- or three-year-old baby or as unpredictable as a horse or a cow, which cannot tell the difference between head and tail. Nevertheless, the merit of such people is one hundred thousand billion times greater than that of those whose wisdom is as great as Śāriputra, Maudgalyāyana, Mañjuśrī, and Maitreya, but put faith in sūtras other than the Lotus Sūtra and memorize them all.”

Nyonin Gosho, Letters Addressed to Female Followers, p22-24

I know of more than one couple where one person practices formally and the other is supportive of the partner’s practice. In the verses at the end of Chapter 2 a lengthy list of such people are promised wonderful benefits.

“Those who bowed to the image of the Buddha,
Or just joined their hands together towards it,
Or raised only one hand towards it,
Or bent their head a little towards it
And offered the bending to it,
Became able to see innumerable Buddhas one after another.
They attained unsurpassed enlightenment,
Saved countless living beings,
And entered into the Nirvana-without-remainder
Just as fire dies out when wood is gone.”

I am the master of only myself. Your practice is yours. Mine is mine. I encourage everyone to bathe in the rain of the Dharma and allow the seed of enlightenment to sprout and grow and eventually bear its unique fruit.

When the rain of the Dharma falls in Chapter 5, we are told that the “roots, stems, branches and leaves” were watered. This is more than a botany lesson. As Nikkyō Niwano explains in Buddhism for Today:

“Roots, stalks, twigs, and leaves indicate faith, precepts, meditation, and wisdom. Roots are the most important part of plants. Without roots, they cannot grow stalks, twigs, or leaves. Therefore ‘roots’ means faith. One cannot keep the precepts without faith. Because of keeping the precepts, one can enter into the mental state of meditation and can also obtain wisdom.

“Conversely, however strong the roots may be, they will eventually die if the twigs and leaves wither or if the stalks are cut. In the same way, if man does not have wisdom, his faith will become corrupt. In short, in believing in a religion, man begins with faith and attains wisdom through the precepts and meditation. However, these four steps of his religious practice are always interrelated and exist together. When any one of the four steps is lacking, his religious practice cannot be perfect, and it will not progress to the next stage. Just as a tree may be big or little, superior, middle, or low, so different people are large- or small-minded, wise or ignorant.”

When the roots, stems, branches and leaves work together the plants bear fruit and this helps nourish others. Gene Reeves offers this explanation in Stories from the Lotus Sutra:

“From the point of view of the Sutra, this earth is the buddha land of Shakyamuni Buddha. This world, and especially this world, is Shakyamuni Buddha’s world. But the Buddha is not some sort of all-powerful God ruling the universe. The Buddha is embodied, made real, in the Buddha-deeds of ordinary living beings. The Buddha invites us to be partners with him in transforming this world into a pure buddha land, where there is a kind of harmony of beauty enabling living beings to flourish together in many different healthy ways, all equally depending on the Dharma and on one another.

“[Chapter 5] of the Lotus Sutra encourages us to think of the large picture and to be grateful that we are nourished by the Dharma raining on us. But it is also important to recognize that the Dharma can be rained down by us. In Zen and Western Thought the famous Zen scholar Masao Abe wrote that ‘the greatest debt without doubt is to my three teachers. … Without the Dharma rain they poured upon me, a rain which nourished me for many years, even this humble bunch of flowers could not have been gathered.’

“In other words, to follow the Buddha Way, the Dharma, is to be nourished by the Dharma, but it is also to nourish others – many kinds of others. In still other words, to follow the Buddha Way of transforming living beings and purifying buddha lands is to become a buddha oneself, at least in small but very important ways.”

The goal of faith in the Lotus Sutra is to approach an understanding of the equality and differences of all things. This is especially true of Chapter 5, The Simile of Herbs.

As the Buddha explains at the beginning of the chapter:

“I, the Tathāgata, am the King of the Dharma. Nothing I say is false. I expound all teachings with expedients by my wisdom in order to lead all living beings to the stage of knowing all things.”

But as the Buddha later explains, a single teaching won’t fulfill his goal:

“The various teachings I expound are of the same content, of the same taste. Those who emancipate themselves from the bonds of existence, from illusions, and from birth and death, will finally obtain the knowledge of the equality and differences of all things. But those who hear or keep my teachings or read or recite the sutras in which my teachings are expounded, or act according to my teachings, do not know the merits that they will be able to obtain by these practices. Why is that? It is because only I know their capacities, appearances, entities and natures.”

The goal, we learn, is to inspire the faith needed to open the gate to the Buddha’s wisdom. As the Buddha explains in gāthās:

“I am honorable, and my wisdom is profound.
Therefore, I have been reticent on this truth,
That is, the reality of all things, for a long time.
I did not make haste to expound it to all living beings.

“If they had heard it without expedients,
Men of ignorance would have had doubts,
And lost their way [to enlightenment] forever,
Though men of wisdom would have understood it by faith.”

And once we enter that gate, we are promised that our faith will be rewarded:

“Those who hear the Dharma from me
Will reach various stages
Of enlightenment
According to their capacities.”

Rev. Ryusho Jeffus’ Lecture on the Lotus Sutra offers an interesting take on the equality and differences of all things and variations that result according to our capacities:

“No longer is there a fundamental difference between the enlightenment of people and the enlightenment of Buddhas. The Buddha is showing us the path to an enlightenment that is exactly like that of all Buddhas. This is really what I think is remarkable. There is a way for us as common mortals to become enlightened just as the Buddha was, though I think it is also important to realize that our own individual manifestation of that enlightenment will perhaps look different than the Buddha’s. In other words, my enlightenment will not be an enlightenment of sitting under a tree, it might be an enlightenment of working with sick people. … It can manifest in any number of ways, not dependent upon our occupation or unique skills, but on our innate capacity, on the truth of the condition of Buddhahood being always present in our lives.”

One of the hidden lessons of the Lotus Sutra is the 10 realms – the six realms of transmigration and the four higher realms of Śrāvaka, Pratyekabuddha, Bodhisattva and Buddha. We are first introduced to these by the light of the Buddha in Chapter 1 and in Chapter 4 we learn of the śrāvaka realm. As Nichiren writes in Kanjin Honzon-shō, A Treatise Revealing the Spiritual Contemplation and the Most Venerable One:

“[I]t is stated in the Lotus Sūtra (chapter four, “Understanding by Faith”) that four great Śrāvakas such as Kāśyapa rejoiced in their understanding of the teaching of the Lotus Sūtra enabling śrāvakas to attain Buddhahood, and reported to the Buddha that they had been given invaluable jewels without asking for them. This represents the attainment of Buddhahood by the śrāvaka realm contained in our minds.

“Not only the śrāvaka but also Śākyamuni Buddha is within us. For, we encounter such a statement like this in the second chapter of the Lotus Sūtra: “It was My (Śākyamuni’s) original vow to let all beings become like Myself. My vow has now been fulfilled. I have helped them all enter the way of the Buddha.” Does this not mean, that Śākyamuni Buddha, who has attained Perfect Enlightenment, is our flesh and blood, and all the merits He has accumulated before and after attaining Buddhahood are our bones?”

Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 2, Page 146

With the revelation of the Buddha’s immeasurable lifespan in Chapter 16, the reader of the Lotus Sutra is brought to the realization that we all possess Buddha nature. As Gene Reeves explains in Stories of the Lotus Sutra:

“While the term ‘buddha-nature’ is never used in the Dharma Flower Sutra, this is a good example of the use of the basic idea behind the concept that would be developed after the Dharma Flower Sutra was compiled. One way we can understand the term is as a kind of ‘power’ that makes it possible for any one of us to be a bodhisattva for someone else, a strength that makes it possible for us to share in doing the Buddha’s work of awakening all the living, a strength that makes it possible for us to go far beyond our normal expectations.

“Buddha-nature, the potential to become a buddha, is not something we have to earn; it is something that all of us have received naturally, something that cannot be destroyed or taken away from us. It is, as the parable in Chapter 4 teaches, our inheritance.”

As Reeves points out, “[T]here is no such thing as a ‘hopeless case.’ Everyone, without exception, has within himself or herself an inner strength, a great power, to flourish in some way.”

This is where faith grows. We are assured repeatedly that the hell we experience one day can be transformed into the heavenly realm, that we can gain great merit by being bodhisattvas helping others. With faith that we have no fixed nature, we gain unlimited freedom.