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Ānanda’s Vow

This is another in a series of weekly blog posts comparing and contrasting the Sanskrit and Chinese Lotus Sutra translations.


In Senchu Murano’s English translation of Kumārajīva’s Chinese Lotus Sutra we are offered this story about the past life of Śākyamuni and his disciple, Ānanda:

“Good men! Ānanda and I resolved to aspire for Anuttara-samyak-saṃbodhi under the Void-King Buddha at the same time [in our previous existence]. At that time Ānanda always wished to hear much while I always practiced strenuously. Therefore, I have already attained Anuttara-samyak-saṃbodhi[, but he has not yet]. Now he protects my teachings. He also will protect the store of the teachings of future Buddhas, teach Bodhisattvas, and cause them to attain [Anuttara-samyak-saṃbodhi], according to his original vow. Therefore, now he has been assured of his future Buddhahood.”

All of the other English translations of Kumārajīva’s Chinese Lotus Sutra adhere to this image of Ānanda being overly focused on learning while Śākyamuni takes action and becomes a Buddha, leaving Ānanda behind to be a keeper of Buddha knowledge.

Having bathed in Murano’s translation, I’ve written in the past:

While it is important to remember that a single Daimoku is the equivalent of reciting the entire Lotus Sutra, I think the point Chapter 9 is making is that just knowing stuff is not enough. You have to put that knowledge to work. In the above quote from today’s portion of Chapter 9, we learn that Śākyamuni and Ananda both aspired for enlightenment under the Void-King Buddha, but Ananda was too focused on learning and neglected his practice. In the future, he will protect the store of the teachings of future Buddhas, just as he does now, but he will also teach Bodhisattvas, and that will be how he becomes a Buddha named Mountain-Sea-Wisdom-Supernatural-Power-King.

H. Kern’s English translation of the 11th century Nepalese Sanskrit Lotus Sutra offers a different view. Kern says:

Young men of good family, I and Ānanda have in the same moment, the same instant conceived the idea of supreme and perfect enlightenment in the presence of the Tathāgata Dharmagahanābhyudgatarāja, the Arhat. At that period, young men of good family, he (Ānanda) constantly and assiduously applied himself to great learning, whereas I was applying myself to strenuous labor. Hence I sooner arrived at supreme and perfect enlightenment, whilst Ānanda Bhadra was the keeper of the law-treasure of the Lords Buddhas; that is to say, young men of good family, he made a vow to bring Bodhisattvas to full development.

In Kern’s telling it is not a failing that has prevented Ānanda from becoming a Buddha, but a vow he made “to bring Bodhisattvas to full development.” This is not unlike Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva – Jizō in Japan – who vowed to rescue all beings in the six realms of existence before he would attain Buddhahood himself.

This aspect of Kern’s translation is not as clear in Hurvitz’s translation of the compiled extant Sanskrit Lotus Sutras.

Then indeed the Blessed One, recognizing in his own mind what was going on in the minds of those bodhisattvas, addressed those bodhisattvas as follows: ‘Identically, O sons of good family, in the same moment, at the same instant, was our thought, mine and that of Ānanda, raised up to unexcelled, right, perfect, enlightened intuition in the presence of Dharmagaganābhyudgatarāja [the King Ascended to the Dharma Sky] the Thus Gone One, the Worthy One, the Properly and Fully Enlightened One. There this man, O sons of good family, was bent on the status of one who has heard much, while I was bent on vigorous undertaking. Therefore I was the quicker to experience unexcelled, right, perfect, enlightened intuition. This fellow, on the other hand, this goodly Ānanda, became the very bearer of the treasure of the true dharma of the blessed buddhas. That is to say, whatever vow is taken for the perfection of bodhisattvas, that belongs, O sons of good family, to this very son of good family as well.’ “

Both versions, though, offer Ānanda in a different light than Kumārajīva’s Chinese Lotus Sutra.

Next: Shouldering the Buddha

800 Years: Anyone

Anyone who hears the Dharma
Will not fail to become a Buddha.

Anyone who rejoices at hearing the Dharma
And utters even a single word in praise of it
Should be considered to have already made offerings
To the past, present, and future Buddhas.
Such a person is rarely seen,
More rarely than the udumbara-flower.

Anyone who rejoices at hearing this sūtra,
And who receives it respectfully,
Know this, has already reached
The stage of avaivartika.

Anyone who believes and receives this sūtra
Should be considered
To have already seen the past Buddhas,
Respected them, made offerings to them,
And heard the Dharma from them
In his previous existence.

Anyone who reads and recites the Sūtra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma, know this, will be adorned just as I am. I will shoulder him.

Anyone who keeps
The sūtra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma,
Know this, has compassion towards all living beings
Because he is my messenger.

Anyone who keeps
The Sūtra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma
Should be considered to have given up his pure world and come here
Out of his compassion towards all living beings.

Anyone who keeps this sūtra in the future
Should be considered
To have been dispatched by me
To the world of men in order to do my work.

Anyone who copies, keeps, reads and recites this sūtra, makes offerings to it, and expounds it to others after my extinction, will be covered by my robe. He also will be protected by the present Buddhas of the other worlds.

Anyone who, while seeking the enlightenment of the Buddha, sees or hears this Sūtra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma, and after hearing it, understands it by faith and keeps it, know this, will approach Anuttara-samyak-saṃbodhi.

Anyone who expounds this sūtra
Will be able to see me,
To see Many-Treasures Tathāgata,
And to see the Buddhas of my replicas.

Anyone who reads and recites this sūtra in the future
Is a true son of mine.
He shall be considered to live
On the stage of purity and good.

Anyone, after my extinction,
Who understands the meaning of this sūtra,
Will be the eye of the worlds
Of gods and men.

Anyone who expounds this sūtra
Even for a moment in this dreadful world,
Should be honored with offerings
By all gods and men.

If after my extinction anyone rejoices, even on a moment’s thought, at hearing even a gāthā or a phrase of the Sūtra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma, I also will assure him of his future attainment of Anuttara-samyak-saṃbodhi.

Anyone!

No one is excluded from the merits of the Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma. No one is left behind. All that is required is faith, a single step toward the gate that is held open for everyone by the Eternal Buddha Śākyamuni. All who continue are guaranteed to reach enlightenment.


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800 Years: The One Lotus Sutra

When we say we have faith in the Lotus Sutra, is it faith in the 69,384 Chinese characters of Kumārajīva’s translation? Or is it something else?

In Chapter 1, Mañjuśrī recalls when he was Wonderful-Light Bodhisattva in a time “innumerable, inconceivable, asaṃkhya kalpas ago.” At that time, Sun-Moon-Light Buddha taught the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma. It took Sun-Moon-Light Buddha sixty small kalpas to complete the telling of this sutra.

In Chapter 7, we learn of a Buddha named Great-Universal-Wisdom-Excellence who lived a countless, limitless, inconceivable, asaṃkhya number of kalpas ago. At the request of his 16 sons, that Buddha expounded the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma. It took that Buddha eight thousand kalpas to complete the expounding of the Lotus Sūtra.

In Chapter 11, when the Stupa of Treasures springs up from underground, we are told that when the Buddha inside the reliquary was yet practicing the Way of Bodhisattvas, he made a great vow: ‘If anyone expounds a sūtra called the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma in any of the worlds of the ten quarters after I become a Buddha and pass away, I will cause my stūpa-mausoleum to spring up before him so that I may be able to prove the truthfulness of the sūtra and say ‘excellent’ in praise of him because I wish to hear that sūtra [directly from him].’

In Chapter 12, we learn that when Śākyamuni was a king in a previous life he sought the Sūtra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma for innumerable kalpas without indolence and met a seer who promised to teach him the sutra of the Great Vehicle called the Sūtra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma.

In Chapter 20, Never-Despising Bodhisattva heard from a voice in the sky the twenty thousand billion gāthās of the Sūtra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma.

In Chapter 23, we are told that innumerable kalpas ago there lived a Buddha called Sun-Moon-Pure-Bright-Virtue. He expounded the Sūtra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma to Gladly-Seen-By-All-Beings Bodhisattva, to the other Bodhisattvas, and also to the Śrāvakas. In all, Gladly-Seen-By-All-Beings Bodhisattva heard the eight hundred thousands of billions of nayuta of kankaras of bimbaras of asaṃkhyas of gāthās of this Sūtra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma.

In Chapter 27, innumerable, inconceivable, asaṃkhya kalpas ago, a Buddha called Cloud-Thunderpeal-Star-King-Flower-Wisdom expounded the Sūtra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma, wishing to lead King Wonderful-Adornment [and] also out of his compassion towards all living beings.

The Lotus Sutra self-referencing the Lotus Sutra is criticized by some, but they mistake the meaning.

The Saddharma, the law of nature, is one.  Just as Namu Myoho Renge Kyo encompasses all 69,384 Chinese characters of Kumārajīva’s translation, those Chinese characters encompass the eight hundred thousands of billions of nayuta of kankaras of bimbaras of asaṃkhyas of gāthās and the twenty thousand billion gāthās of the Sūtra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma and the teaching that took sixty small kalpas to complete.

One vehicle. One Dharma.


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The Buddha as Father and Procreator

This is another in a series of weekly blog posts comparing and contrasting the Sanskrit and Chinese Lotus Sutra translations.


When I first read H. Kern’s 1884 English translation from Sanskrit of Chapter 9, the prediction for Ānanda and Rāhula, I was struck by something inserted here that is not found in translations from Kumārajīva’s Chinese. Kern has Ānanda and Rāhula say, “The Lord is our father and procreator, our refuge and protection.” Is this 19th century Christian bias sneaking in?

The full quote reads:

‘Let it be our turn also, O Lord; let it be our turn also, O Sugata. The Lord is our father and procreator, our refuge and protection. For in this world, including men, gods, and demons, O Lord, we are particularly distinguished, as people say: These are the Lord’s sons, the Lord’s attendants; these are the keepers of the law-treasure of the Lord. Therefore, Lord, it would seem meet, were the Lord ere long to predict our destiny to supreme and perfect enlightenment.’

Murano’s translation of Kumārajīva offers:

“World-Honored One! We think that we also are qualified to be assured [of our future Buddhahood]. Only you, the Tathāgata, are our refuge. We are known to all gods, men and asuras of the world. Ānanda always protects the store of the Dharma as your attendant. Rāhula is your son. If you assure us of our future attainment of Anuttara-samyak-saṃbodhi, the wishes not only of us but also of others will be fulfilled.”

The other English translations of Kumārajīva all lack the idea that the Buddha is “our father and procreator,” and all separate Ānanda’s aspect of protecting the teachings and Rāhula’s position as the Buddha’s son rather than saying, “These are the Lord’s sons, the Lord’s attendants; these are the keepers of the law-treasure of the Lord.”

Leon Hurvitz’s English translation of the Lotus Sutra, which merges both Kumārajīva’s Chinese and a composite Sanskrit text, sticks with the language of Kumārajīva and places the Sanskrit version in an endnote:

1. “Then indeed the long-lived Ānanda at that time thought: ‘Truly, may we also receive such a prophecy as this!’ Then thinking, reflecting, and praying in this way, rising from his seat and bowing down to the feet of the Blessed One, and the long-lived Rāhula also thinking, reflecting, and praying in this way, and bowing down to the feet of the Blessed One, [they] spoke as follows: (If the English of this does not parse as a sentence, it is because the Sanskrit, too, is not grammatically coherent.) ‘May our turn also come in the same way, O Blessed One! May our turn also come in the same way, O Well Gone One! For the Blessed One is our father, our progenitor, our refuge, our salvation. For we, O Blessed One, in this world with its gods, men, and asuras, have been variously depicted in such words as these: “These are the sons of the Blessed One, as well as the attendants of the Blessed One, and they carry the storehouse of the dharma of the Blessed One.” Now, O Blessed One, let that [prophecy] be right quickly matched [by you], in that the Blessed One shall prophesy to us concerning unexcelled, right, perfect, enlightened intuition.’ “

Again the Sanskrit inserts the Buddha’s position as not only the “father” but also the “progenitor,” or in the word used by Kern, “procreator.”

Why does that bother me? Śākyamuni, himself, declares in the Lotus Sutra that he is the father of all living beings. Why am I so sensitive to extending to the father a role as “progenitor”? Perhaps this is just a continuation of whatever prompts my uneasiness about Nikkyō Niwano‘s assertion that we are “caused to live by Śākyamuni.”

In any event, one can easily make the argument that this is another place that illustrates the superiority of Kumārajīva’s translation, both in content and style.

Next: Ananda’s Vow

2023 Pilgrimage to Japan

Altar in Kuonji at Minobu
Altar in Kuonji at Minobu

Rev. Kenjo Igarashi will be leading a pilgrimage to Japan in late October 2023. The trip is sure to include a visit to Mt. Minobu but details of the full itinerary and the cost will be dependent on how many attend. If you are interested in receiving updates on the trip, please contact the Sacramento Nichiren Buddhist Church at [email protected].

Updates on the trip will be posted on the Sacramento Nichiren Buddhist Church website here.

800 Years: Viewing the Ocean from the Shore

My morning practice includes recitation of a daily quote from Nichiren. These 31 daily quotes are taken from Raihai Seiten, a Nichiren Shu Service Book Companion compiled by the Los Angeles Nichiren Buddhist Temple’s Nichiren Shu Beikoku Sangha Association in 2001. On Day 4, I read this quote:

“Chanting ‘Namu Myō hōRenge Kyō’ swallows up the functions of ‘Namu Amida Butsu,’ ‘Namu Dainichi shingon,’ and ‘Namu Kanzeon bosatsu’ as well as all the Buddhas, sutras, and bodhisattvas. All these will be of no use without the functions of the Lotus Sutra. This can be seen by everyone, for it has been realized in front of everyone. When I, Nichiren recite ‘Namu Myō hōRenge Kyō’ the function of ‘Namu Amida Butsu’ disappears just as the moon wanes, the tide ebbs, grasses in autumn and winter wither and ice melts under the sun.”

More than once in this 800 Years of Faith project I have pointed out that Nichiren’s method of propagation – actively rebuking attachment to false views – is not necessarily the best practice for today, that leading others gradually without criticizing their present stance is a better fit in this age. But in our effort to accommodate the views of others we must not lose sight of the Lotus Sutra and its position.

All of the rivers of Buddhist thought – the thousands upon thousands of expedient teachings – all flow into the ocean of the Lotus Sutra. As Nichiren writes in Shoshū Mondō-shō, Questions and Answers Regarding Other Schools:

“All the sūtras entering the ocean of the Lotus Sūtra take up the one flavor of Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō because of the wonderful merit of the ocean of the Lotus Sūtra. There is no reason why they have to be referred to by other names such as nembutsu, Ritsu, Shingon, or Zen. Consequently, Grand Master T’ien-t’ai said in his Profound Meaning of the Lotus Sūtra, ‘Just as water becomes salty when it flows into the sea, any wisdom ceases to exist in itself after it is taken in the True Wisdom.’ ”

Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 3, p179-181

We are called on to have faith in the teachings of the Buddha from the perspective of the wide ocean of the Lotus Sutra. Viewing the Lotus Sutra shoreside, from the mouth of one of the many rivers flowing into the ocean, is not the same. This is, in part, why not every book about the Lotus Sutra is equal. I first ran into to this problem in Thich Nhat Hanh’s Peaceful Action, Open Heart. On several occasions, the venerable Vietnamese Zen priest views the Lotus Sutra through the prism of the Avataṃsaka Sutra [the Flower Garland Sutra].

This is not unlike, as Nichiren said, attempting “to put the water of the ocean into a puddle made by a hoof of a cattle.” [Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 3, Page 180-181]

Chanting ‘Namu Myō hōRenge Kyō’ swallows up the functions of all the other teachings. It does not eliminate them. It makes them better.


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800 Years: Repentant Faith

When I began this project I didn’t know I would include a chapter-by-chapter review of what the Threefold Lotus Sutra teaches about faith. But now, as I finish that review, I can’t imagine having done this any other way. The Lotus Sutra is the great encouragement for today. As Nikkyō Niwano explains in Buddhism for Today:

“It is not known when and by whom this sutra, the so-called closing sutra of the Lotus Sutra, was first recited. The first man to do so, however, was surely a great person. This is because the Sutra of Meditation on the Bodhisattva Universal Virtue is so profound that it is considered to be the continuation of the Buddha’s preaching of the Lotus Sutra, and because it teaches us how we should actually apply the Lotus Sutra in our daily lives. This method is repentance. The Sutra of Meditation on the Bodhisattva Universal Virtue teaches us the true meaning and method of repentance so thoroughly that it is commonly called ‘the Sutra of Repentance.’ ”

Buddhism for Today, p423

In his Introduction to Buddhism for Today, Nikkyō Niwano explains that people who study the Lotus Sutra can feel that there is a great divide between the ideal taught and the reality of our daily lives.

“We are greatly encouraged when we read the Lotus Sutra, grasp the true meaning of the sermons that Sakyamuni preached during his lifetime, and realize that we can attain the same state of mind as the Buddha through practicing his teachings. However, the fact is that in our daily lives we are continually troubled with suffering and distress, and we are continually seized by desires of one kind or another. For this reason, we are apt to become disheartened and forget the valuable lessons of the sutra.

“Although we understand theoretically that we can become buddhas, we do not know how to rid ourselves of our illusions; our minds are liable to be covered with a dark cloud of illusion. Repentance means the sweeping away of such dark clouds, and the Sutra of Meditation on the Bodhisattva Universal Virtue teaches the way to do this.

Buddhism for Today, pxxvii

It is important to keep in mind that what Nikkyō Niwano and Universal Sage say about repentance is not the repentance of remorse or contrition or self-condemnation common in other religions. As Nikkyō Niwano explains in Buddhism for Today:

“[R]epentance is to learn the teaching of the Great-vehicle and to practice it. Repentance means not compromising with oneself, not having a lukewarm or equivocal attitude, but polishing one’s buddha-nature by gradually removing illusions and defilements from one’s mind. The practice of repentance consists in the bodhisattva practice, through which one not only polishes his buddha-nature but also renders service to others. Repentance is an indispensable requisite of religious life. It is to be hoped that all people will repeatedly read and recite this sutra on repentance, realize its essence, and put it into practice in their daily lives.”

Buddhism for Today, p459-460

Repentant faith carries us to the ultimate, supreme enlightenment.


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What’s in a Dharani?

I encourage anyone with an interest in the Lotus Sutra and, in particular, Chapter 26, Dhārāṇis, to watch this video of the Dec. 4, 2022, Rissho Kosei-Kai of North America Bodhi Day talk by Dr. Dominick Scarangello. As the screenshot above explains, Dr. Scarangello’s hour-long lecture covers a wealth of material.

If you want to know more about the Mother of Demons, Hariti, start the lecture here.

See also How Hārītī Came to Defend the Dharma

Other Dharani resources

Imagining Buddha Lands

This is another in a series of weekly blog posts comparing and contrasting the Sanskrit and Chinese Lotus Sutra translations.


Throughout the first half of the Lotus Sutra we find descriptions of what a future Buddha world will look like.  Pūrṇa’s future Buddha world in Chapter 8 is a good example. The differences between English translations of Kumārajīva’s Chinese Lotus Sutra and H. Kern’s English translation of an 11th century Sanskrit Lotus Sutra are instructive.

Using Murano’s translation of Kumārajīva we begin with the prediction for Pūrṇa:

He will perform the Way of Bodhisattvas step by step for innumerable, asaṃkhya kalpas, and then attain Anuttara-samyak-saṃbodhi in this world. He will be called Dharma-Brightness, the Tathāgata, the Deserver of Offerings, the Perfectly Enlightened One, the Man of Wisdom and Practice, the Well-Gone, the Knower of the World, the Unsurpassed Man, the Controller of Men, the Teacher of Gods and Men, the Buddha, the World-Honored One.

Kern renders this:

After completing such a Bodhisattva-course, at the end of innumerable, incalculable Æons, he shall reach supreme and perfect enlightenment; he shall in the world be the Tathāgata called Dharmaprabhāsa, an Arhat, &c., endowed with science and conduct, a Sugata, &c. He shall appear in this very Buddha field.

Note that they agree that Śākyamuni says Pūrṇa’s Buddha world will be “in this world,” or as Kern emphasizes, “in this very Buddha field.” What are we to make of “this world” becoming Pūrṇa’s pure land?

Murano describes the world:

The world of that Buddha will be composed of one thousand million Sumeru-worlds, that is, as many Sumeru-worlds as there are sands in the River Ganges. The ground [of that world] will be made of the seven treasures. It will be as even as the palm of a hand. There will be no mountains nor ravines nor ditches. Tall buildings adorned with the seven treasures will be seen everywhere in that world, and the palaces of gods of that world will hang so low in the sky that gods and men will be able to see each other.

In Kern’s telling we get this version:

Further, monks, at that time the Buddha-field spoken of will look as if formed by thousands of spheres similar to the sands of the river Ganges. It will be even, like the palm of the hand, consist of seven precious substances, be without hills, and filled with high edifices of seven precious substances. There will be cars of the gods stationed in the sky; the gods will behold men, and men will behold the gods.

Again we get the palaces of the gods imagined as flying cars.

The description of the inhabitants and their environment is consistent. Murano offers:

There will be no evil regions nor women. The living beings of that world will be born without any medium. They will have no sexual desire. They will have great supernatural powers, emit light from their bodies, and fly about at will. They will be resolute in mind, strenuous, and wise. They will be golden in color, and adorned with the thirty-two marks. They will feed on two things: the delight in the Dharma, and the delight in dhyāna.

Kern explains:

Moreover, monks, at that time that Buddha-field shall be exempt from places of punishment and from womankind, as all beings shall be born by apparitional birth. They shall lead a spiritual life, have ideal bodies, be self-lighting, magical, moving in the firmament, strenuous, of good memory, wise, possessed of gold-colored bodies, and adorned with the thirty-two characteristics of a great man. And at that time, monks, the beings in that Buddha-field will have two things to feed upon, viz. the delight in the law and the delight in meditation.

I would argue that Kern’s translation lessens the negative connotation about women contained in Murano’s translation. In fact, Kern’s version is not unlike the Modern Rissho Kosei-Kai translation of the Lotus Sutra, which goes to great lengths to eliminate gender stereotypes.

“In that land, there will be no gender distinction, for all living beings there will come into existence by transformation, free of carnal desire.”

As for the occupants of this world, Murano offers:

There will be innumerable, asaṃkhya Bodhisattvas, that is, thousands of billions of nayutas of Bodhisattvas. They will have great supernatural powers and the four kinds of unhindered eloquence. They will teach the living beings of that world. There will also be uncountable Śrāvakas there. They will have the six supernatural powers including the three major supernatural powers, and the eight emancipations. The world of that Buddha will be adorned with those innumerable merits. The kalpa [in which Pūrṇa will become that Buddha] will be called Treasure­Brightness; and his world, Good-Purity. The duration of the life of that Buddha will be innumerable, asaṃkhya kalpas, and his teachings will be preserved for a long time. After his extinction, stupas of the seven treasures will be erected [in his honor] throughout that world.”

While Kern says:

There will be an immense, incalculable number of hundred thousands of myriads of koṭis of Bodhisattvas; all endowed with great transcendent wisdom, accomplished in the (four) distinctive qualifications of an Arhat, able in instructing creatures. He (that Buddha) will have a number of disciples, beyond all calculation, mighty in magic, powerful, masters in the meditation of the eight emancipations. So immense are the good qualities that Buddha-field will be possessed of. And that Æon shall be called Ratnāvabhāsa (i.e., radiant with gems), and that world Suviṣuddha (i.e., very pure). His lifetime shall last immense, incalculable Æons; and after the complete extinction of that Lord Dharmaprabhāsa, the Tathāgata, &c., his true law shall last long, and his world shall be full of Stūpas made of precious substances. Such inconceivable good qualities, monks, shall the Buddha-field of that Lord be possessed of.

Note that in Murano’s telling the Bodhisattvas have “great supernatural powers and the four kinds of unhindered eloquence. They will teach the living beings of that world.” Kern, on the other hand, describes these Bodhisattvas as “all endowed with great transcendent wisdom, accomplished in the (four) distinctive qualifications of an Arhat, able in instructing creatures.”

This description of Bodhisattvas as Arhats is very un-Mahayana. As the Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism explains:

As taught in early Buddhism, the Arhat attains exactly the same goal as the Buddha. Mahāyāna Buddhism, however, comes to regard Arhatship as an inferior ideal to that of Buddhahood, and portrays the Arhat (somewhat unfairly) as selfishly concerned with the goal of a ‘private nirvāṇa.’ In contrast, emphasis is placed on the great compassion (Mahākaruṇa) of the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas who dedicate themselves to leading all beings to salvation.


As a postscript I’m adding The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism’s definition of a Sumeru world:

[Mount Sumeru is] the central axis of the universe in Buddhist cosmology; also known as Mount Meru, Mount Sumeru stands in the middle of the world as its axis and is eight leagues (yojana) high. It is surrounded by seven mountain ranges of gold, each separated from the other by an ocean. At the foot of the seventh range, there is a great ocean, contained at the perimeter of the world by a circle of iron mountains (cakravāda). In this vast ocean, there are four island continents in the four cardinal directions, each flanked by two island subcontinents. The northern continent is square, the eastern semicircular, the southern triangular, and the western round. Although humans inhabit all four continents, the “known world” is the southern continent, named Jambudvīpa, where the current average height is four cubits and the current life span is one hundred years. The four faces of Mount Sumeru are flat and are each composed of a different precious stone: gold in the north, silver in the east, lapis lazuli in the south, and crystal in the west. The substance determines the color of the sky over each of the four continents. The sky is blue in the southern continent of Jambudvīpa because the southern face of the Mount Sumeru is made of lapis. The slopes of Sumeru are the abode of demigods (asura), and its upper reaches are the heavens of the four heavenly… . At the summit of the mountain is the heaven of the thirty-three (Trāyastriṃsá), ruled by the king of the gods, Sakra. Above Mount Sumeru are located the remaining heavens of the sensuous realm (kāmadhātu).

Next: The Buddha as Father and Procreator

Appreciating Home Altar Statues and Celebrating Bodhi Day

statue blessing
Rev. Shoda Kanai, upper left, offers special year-end purification ceremony for home altar statues.

Greatly enjoyed today’s the Nichiren Buddhist Kannon Temple of Nevada online service celebrating the enlightenment of Śākyamuni (traditionally marked on Dec. 8) and Rev. Shoda Kanai’s special blessing for Buddhist statues on home altars.

Rev. Shoda Kanai discusses Bodhi Day in front of Buddha statue and bodhi tree.