Daily Dharma – May 24, 2020

He endured all insults and disturbances
Inflicted upon him by arrogant people who thought
That they had already obtained the Dharma.

The Buddha sings these verses to Maitreya Bodhisattva in Chapter Seventeen of the Lotus Sūtra. In Chapter Two of the sūtra, five thousand people left the assembly after the Buddha declared that everything he had taught until then had been an expedient. The Buddha did not stop these people. He said they were arrogant, meaning they believed they already had reached enlightenment and could learn nothing from the Buddha. In this description of the Bodhisattva perfection of Endurance, the Buddha prepares us for the reactions of those who are too attached to their misery to hear the Buddha’s teaching. When we can anticipate this kind of reaction, rather than being shocked by it, we can more easily stay determined to benefit even these abusive beings.

The Daily Dharma is produced by the Lexington Nichiren Buddhist Community. To subscribe to the daily emails, visit zenzaizenzai.com

Day 32

Day 32 covers Chapter 28, The Encouragement of Universal-Sage Bodhisattva, closing the Eighth Volume of the Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma.

Having last month heard Śākyamuni Buddha praise Universal-Sage Bodhisattva, we conclude Chapter 28, The Encouragement of Universal-Sage Bodhisattva.

“Universal-Sage! Anyone who keeps, reads and recites this sūtra [in the later five hundred years] after [my extinction], will not be attached to clothing, bedding, food or drink, or any other thing for living. What he wishes will not remain unfulfilled. He will be able to obtain the rewards of his merits in his present life. Those who abuse him, saying, ‘You are perverted. You are doing this for nothing,’ will be reborn blind in their successive lives in retribution for their sin. Those who make offerings to rum and praise him, will be able to obtain rewards in their present life. Those who, upon seeing the keeper of this sūtra, blame him justly or unjustly, will suffer from white leprosy in their present life. Those who laugh at him will have few teeth, ugly lips, flat noses, contorted limbs, squint eyes, and foul and filthy bodies, and suffer from bloody pus of scabs, abdominal dropsy, tuberculosis, and other serious diseases in their successive lives. Therefore, Universal-Sage! When you see the keeper of this sūtra in the distance, you should rise from your seat, go to him, receive him, and respect him just as you respect me.

When the Buddha expounded this chapter of the Encouragement of Universal-Sage, as many Bodhisattvas as there are sands in the River Ganges obtained the dhārāṇis by which they could memorize hundreds of thousands of billions of repetitions of teachings, and as many Bodhisattvas as the particles of dust of one thousand million Sumeru-worlds [understood how to] practice the Way of Universal-Sage.

When the Buddha expounded this sūtra, the great congregation including the Bodhisattvas headed by Universal-Sage, the Śrāvakas headed by Śāriputra, and the other living beings such as gods, dragons, men and nonhuman beings, had great joy, kept the words of the Buddha, bowed [to him], and retired.

[Here ends] the Eighth Volume of the Sūtra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma.

The Introduction to the Lotus Sutra offers this:

[Chapter 28, The Encouragement of Universal-Sage Bodhisattva] is the last chapter of the Lotus Sutra. By the merits of this teaching, as many Bodhisattvas as there are sands in the River Ganges obtained the dharanis of Samantabhadra Bodhisattva, and as many Bodhisattvas as the particles of dust filling the great universe grasped how to practice the Way of Universal-Sage.

When the Buddha finished expounding this Sutra, all the congregation, including Bodhisattvas, deities, and other living beings, rejoiced greatly, memorized the words of the Buddha, bowed before him, and departed from Mount Sacred Eagle.
Introduction to the Lotus Sutra

Shortcomings of the Provisional Mahāyāna Sūtras

By introducing the bodhisattva vehicle with its six perfections, expounding the teaching of the emptiness of all dharmas, and providing the assurance that all beings have the buddha-nature the Mahāyāna sūtras advanced beyond the limited aspirations and world view of the Hinayāna teachings. According to Nichiren and his Tiantai predecessors, however, the Mahāyāna sūtras other than the Lotus Sūtra are only a provisional form of Mahāyāna with two important shortcomings.

The Flower Garland Sūtra, Large Perfection of Wisdom Sūtra, and the Mahāvairocana Sūtra conceal not only the possibility of attaining buddhahood by adherents of the two vehicles but also Śākyamuni Buddha’s attainment of buddhahood in the remotest past. These sūtras have two faults. First, they still preserve the differences between the three vehicles; therefore, their teachings are merely expedient. They do not reveal the teaching of the three thousand worlds in one thought moment expounded in the first fourteen chapters of the Lotus Sūtra. Second they hold that Śākyamuni Buddha attained Buddhahood during his life in this world. (Murano 2000, p. 32 adapted)

Open Your Eyes, p202-203

This World of Delusion

Men and women comprise the living beings who exist in the world of delusion. They were all our parents at some point in our previous lives. Therefore, if there is even a single person who cannot become a Buddha, we, too, are unable to become Buddhas. It is preached that the Two Vehicles do not appreciate the favors they received, and therefore they are forever unable to attain Buddhahood. In short, it is because they are full of ego and unable to treat all living beings with a heart of filial piety. Convinced of the Lotus Sūtra, the Buddha considers all the people in the world of delusion as His parents and He is equipped with the virtue of filial piety.

Śākyamuni Buddha then turns over this virtue of filial piety to those who embrace the Lotus Sūtra. It is like the food taken by a mother that is transformed into breast milk to feed her baby. As it is preached in the “Parable” chapter of the Lotus Sūtra: “Now this triple world is all My domain, and all the living beings in it are all My children,” our Lord Preacher Śākyamuni Buddha feeds us all the living beings in this world of delusion with His virtue of filial piety transformed into the characters of the Lotus Sūtra. It is like a baby, who does not distinguish water from fire or poison from medicine, who can sustain its life by swallowing its mother’s milk.

Hōren-shō, Letter to Hōren, Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Volume 6, Followers I, Page 51-52

Daily Dharma – May 23, 2020

They also had already obtained [the four states of mind towards all living beings:] compassion, loving-kindness, joy and impartiality.

The Buddha gives this description in Chapter Twenty-Seven of the Lotus Sutra of two boys who had been the previous lives of Medicine-King and Medicine-Superior Bodhisattvas. These four states of mind are those which allow to see the world for what it is and bring true benefit for all beings. Any living being is capable of them. Their opposites: cruelty, indifference, misery and prejudice, are never what we aspire to, even though we find ourselves in them far too often. But even these states can be used as an indication that we are not seeing things for what they are, and lead us back to a true curiosity and appreciation for what we have.

The Daily Dharma is produced by the Lexington Nichiren Buddhist Community. To subscribe to the daily emails, visit zenzaizenzai.com

Day 31

Day 31 covers Chapter 27, King Wonderful-Adornment as the Previous Life of a Bodhisattva.

Having last month witnessed the wonders displayed by the sons and the father’s reaction, we witness the two sons invite their parents to visit Cloud-Thunderpeal-Star-King-Flower-Wisdom Buddha.

“Thereupon the two sons descended from the sky, came to their mother, joined their hands together, and said to her, ‘Our father, the king, has now understood the Dharma by faith. He is now able to aspire for Anuttara-samyak-saṃbodhi. We did the work of the Buddha for the sake of our father. Mother! Allow us to renounce the world and practice the Way under that Buddha!’

“Thereupon the two sons, wishing to repeat what they had said, said to their mother in gāthās:

Mother! Allow us to renounce the world
And become śramaṇas!
It is difficult to see a Buddha.
We will follow that Buddha and study.
To see a Buddha is as difficult
As to see an udumbara[-flower ]
To avert a misfortune is also difficult.
Allow us to renounce the world!

“The mother said, ‘I allow you to renounce the world because it is difficult to see a Buddha.’

“Thereupon the [father came to them. The] two sons said to their parents, ‘Excellent, Father and Mother! Go to Cloud-Thunderpeal-Star-King-Flower-Wisdom Buddha, see him, and make offerings to him because to see a Buddha is as difficult as to see an udumbara flower or as for a one-eyed tortoise to find a hole in a floating piece of wood! We accumulated so many merits in our previous existence that we are now able to meet the teachings of the Buddha in this life of ours. Allow us to renounce the world because it is difficult to see a Buddha, and also because it is difficult to have such a good opportunity as this to see him.’

“Thereupon the eighty-four thousand people in the harem of King Wonderful-Adornment became able to keep the Sūtra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma.

See Sons and Fathers

Sons and Fathers

fo-sho-hing-tsan-king book cover
Download PDF copy

The story of how two sons, Pure-Store and Pure-Eyes, at the behest of their mother, Pure-Virtue, brought their father, King Wonderful-Adornment, to have faith in the Lotus Sūtra has always inspired me. And that’s why I suppose I was so taken by the story of the first meeting of Śākyamuni with his father, Śuddhodana (which means Pure Rice), after Siddhartha Gautama became the Buddha. Both involve children performing miracles.

All of this comes up because I recently finished reading The Fo Sho Hing Tsan King, A Life of Buddha written by Aśvaghoṣa Bodhisattva and translated from Sanskrit into Chinese by Dharmaraksha in 420 CE. The Fo Sho Hing Tsan King was translated into English by Samuel Beal and originally published by Oxford in 1883. The book is the 19th volume of Oxford’s The Sacred Books of the East edited by F. Max Müller in 1883.

Chapter 19 of The Fo Sho Hing Tsan King details the “Interview between Father and Son.” Here’s the pertinent section that comes to mind when I read the story of Pure-Store and Pure-Eyes and their father, King Wonderful-Adornment:

Knowing that Buddha was now returning to his country [the king’s spies] hastened back and quickly announced the tidings, ‘The prince who wandered forth afar to obtain enlightenment, having fulfilled his aim, is now coming back.’

The king hearing the news was greatly rejoiced, and forthwith went out with his gaudy equipage to meet (his son) ; and the whole body of gentry (sse) belonging to the country, went forth with him in his company.

Gradually advancing he beheld Buddha from afar, his marks of beauty sparkling with splendour two-fold greater than of yore; placed in the middle of the great congregation he seemed to be even as Brahma raga.

Descending from his chariot and advancing with dignity, (the king) was anxious lest there should be any religious difficulty (in the way of instant recognition); and now beholding his beauty he inwardly rejoiced, but his mouth found no words to
utter.

He reflected, too, how that he was still dwelling among the unconverted throng, whilst his son had advanced and become a saint (Rishi) ; and although he was his son, yet as he now occupied the position of a religious lord, he knew not by what name to address him.

Furthermore he thought with himself how he had long ago desired earnestly (this interview), which now had happened unawares (without arrangement). Meantime his son in silence took a seat, perfectly composed and with unchanged countenance.

Thus for some time sitting opposite each other, with no expression of feeling (the king reflected thus), ‘How desolate and sad does he now make my heart, as that of a man, who, fainting, longs for water, upon the road espies a fountain pure and cold;

‘With haste he speeds towards it and longs to drink, when suddenly the spring up and disappears. Thus, now I see my son, his well-known features as of old;

‘But how estranged his heart! and how his manner high and lifted up! There are no grateful outflowings of soul, his feelings seem unwilling to express themselves; cold and vacant (there he sits); and like a thirsty man before a dried-up fountain (so am I).’

Still distant thus (they sat), with crowding thoughts rushing through the mind, their eyes full met, but no responding joy; each looking at the other, seemed as one who thinking of a distant friend, gazes by accident upon his pictured form.

‘That you’ (the king reflected) ‘who of right might rule the world, even as that Mândhâtri râga, should now go begging here and there your food! what joy or charm has such a life as this?

‘Composed and firm as Sumeru, with marks of beauty bright as the sunlight, with dignity of step like the ox king, fearless as any lion,

‘And yet receiving not the tribute of the world, but begging food sufficient for your body’s nourishment!’

Buddha, knowing his father’s mind, still kept to his own filial purpose.

And then to open out his mind, and moved with pity for the multitude of people, by his miraculous power he rose in mid-air, and with his hands (appeared) to grasp the sun and moon.

Then he walked to and fro in space, and underwent all kinds of transformation, dividing his body into many parts, then joining all in one again.

Treading firm on water as on dry land, entering the earth as in the water, passing through walls of stone without impediment, from the right side and the left water and fire produced!

The king, his father, filled with joy, now dismissed all thought of son and father; then upon a lotus throne, seated in space, he (Buddha) for his father’s sake declared the law.

‘I know that the king’s heart (is full of) love and recollection, and that for his son’s sake he adds grief to grief; but now let the bands of love that bind him, thinking of his son, be instantly unloosed and utterly destroyed.

‘Ceasing from thoughts of love, let your calmed mind receive from me, your son, religious nourishment; such as no son has offered yet to father, such do I present to you the king, my father.

‘And what no father yet has from a son received, now from your son you may accept, a gift miraculous for any mortal king to enjoy, and seldom had by any heavenly king!’

The miracles of children, the salvation of fathers, all part of a whole: the Wonderful Dharma of the Lotus Flower Sutra, the Dharma for Bodhisattvas, the Dharma Upheld by the Buddhas.

Perfection of Wisdom

The perfection of wisdom is the ability to deal with the conventional truth of the ordinary common-sense way of relating to the world as a multiplicity of persons, places, and things and at the same time be awakened to the ultimate truth that all things, all dharmas, are empty. This does not mean that things do not exist at all. That is not what “emptiness” means. Emptiness is another way of talking about how things that are caused and conditioned do not have an unchanging, independent self-nature. It is a deeper way of contemplating dependent origination that points to the flowing, composite, conceptual nature of the things that we experience. Things are empty because they are impermanent. So there is nothing to be permanently grasped. Things are empty because they are composite. So apart from the components (causes and conditions that are all in turn caused and conditioned ad infinitum) there is nothing to grasp. Things are empty because they are not what they seem to be as a result of our mind projecting categories and concepts onto the dynamic interdependent flow of causes and conditions. Apart from our mental concepts there is no singular thing to be grasped in the flow of causes and conditions. Emptiness is not meant to be a theory or belief that we should just subscribe to conceptually. It is meant to be something to observe directly by deeply contemplating the flowing, composite, and conceptual nature of phenomena. Emptiness is not so much a characteristic as a way of pointing out that things are not the solid permanent independent facts they seem to be. Nevertheless, they are contingent realities. By realizing that all things are empty, bodhisattvas overcome undue attachment towards them and also overcome any undue aversion towards them. Free of attachment and aversion, bodhisattvas deal with phenomena in a more graceful, fearless, and wholesome way. They can care about and deal with conditioned phenomena without falling into the trap of craving certain conditions and fearing others. This includes craving or fearing anything within the six lower realms, or even the peace attained in the higher realms of the two vehicles. This is why the perfection of wisdom is synonymous with skillful means and is the spirit that unites and guides the other five perfections.

According to the Lotus Sūtra, the Buddha specifically taught the six perfections for the bodhisattvas. “To bodhisattvas, he expounded the teaching of the six perfections, a teaching suitable for them, and caused them to attain perfect and complete awakening, that is, to obtain the knowledge of the equality and difference of all things.” (Murano 2012, p. 14) It is the six perfections that differentiate the bodhisattva vehicle from the other two vehicles. The knowledge of the equality and difference of all things refers to the ability of the perfection of wisdom to deal both with the ultimate truth of the universal quality of emptiness and also the conventional truth that recognizes the different characteristics of conditioned phenomena in their transience and interrelationships.

Open Your Eyes, p201-202

Surprises in the Lotus Sūtra

People all know that those who chant “Namu Amidabutsu” at the last moment of their lives are able to be reborn in the Pure Land of Utmost Bliss as preached by the Buddha. However, for some reason the Buddha amended this preaching, declaring in the Sūtra of Infinite Meaning, “The truth has not yet been revealed,” and in the “Expedients” chapter of the Lotus Sūtra, “(The Buddha) dutifully discards the provisional teachings.” This was a great surprise to me. Whenever I mention this fact, no one believes me. Instead, all Japan is infuriated, and I am considered a liar.

What is more, the Hinayāna sūtras preach that no Buddha exists in the worlds throughout the universe and no one is equipped with the Buddha-nature, but the Mahāyāna sūtras, on the contrary, preach that Buddhas exist throughout the universe and that every being possesses the Buddha-nature. As a consequence, no one has faith in the Hinayāna sūtras while everyone believes in the Mahāyāna sūtras.

There are a few more surprises. When the Buddha declared in the Lotus Sūtra that this sūtra was the sole truth, thus negating all the sūtras that had already been preached, the Sūtra of Infinite Meaning which was being preached, as well as the Nirvana Sūtra which would be preached later, the Buddha’s disciples all were taken aback and could not believe what was said. At this point the Buddha of Many Treasures came to bear witness in the “Appearance of the Stupa of Treasures” chapter that what the Buddha preached was indeed true. By touching the Brahma Heaven with their tongues, the various Buddhas from all over the universe also certified that what the Buddha had said was nothing but the truth. After this certification, the Buddha of Many Treasures closed the doors of the stupa, and the Buddhas from all over the universe went back to their home lands. No matter what sūtra the Buddha preached thereafter, there can be no denying the truth of the teachings of the Lotus Sūtra because the Buddha of Many Treasures and other Buddhas have already certified its veracity. Besides, everyone realized the truth of the Lotus Sūtra as well. Therefore, sūtras preached after the Lotus Sūtra such as the Sūtra of Meditation on the Universal Sage Bodhisattva and the Nirvana Sūtra can only praise, not slander, the teachings of the Lotus Sūtra.

Ueno-dono Gohenji, A Reply to Lord Ueno, Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Faith and Practice, Volume 4, Page 128

Daily Dharma – May 22, 2020

When you see anyone who does not receive [this sūtra] by faith, you should show him some other profound teachings of mine, teach him, benefit him, and cause him to rejoice. When you do all this, you will be able to repay the favors given to you by the Buddhas.

The Buddha gives these instructions in Chapter Twenty-Two of the Lotus Sūtra. They remind us to be patient with those whom we work to benefit. Even though they may not be ready to hear the Wonderful Dharma, we can use the Expedient Teachings to prepare them for the Buddha’s highest teaching. When we are assured that countless beings are helping us all to become enlightened, we are less likely to be disappointed in the progress that we see.

The Daily Dharma is produced by the Lexington Nichiren Buddhist Community. To subscribe to the daily emails, visit zenzaizenzai.com