State Buddhism and the Ordination of Monks

One of the distinguishing characteristics of Buddhism during the Nara period (710-784) was the lavish expenditure of money by the state for temples, Buddhist images, and the copying of Buddhist texts. The merit from such activities was often devoted to the protection of the state and its ruler from various catastrophes. Records of Buddhist activities during the Nara period reveal that the ceremonies performed and the sūtras chanted were often directly related to state Buddhism. The establishment of a nationwide system of provincial temples (kokubunji) with the Tōdaiji temple at Nara as its center is one of the crowning achievements of state Buddhism at this time. Buddhism was thus used to integrate the provinces and the capital.

Qualified monks were required to keep the system functioning. The monks had to be able to chant the sūtras which would protect the state. They also were expected to have led a chaste life so that they could accumulate the powers for the ceremonies to be effective. In order to ensure that the men who joined the Buddhist order were able to perform these ceremonies, the court established requirements which candidates for initiation as novices or ordination as monks had to meet. According to an edict issued in 734, a candidate for initiation was required to be able to chant the Lotus Sūtra (Fa hua Ching, Skt. Saddharmapuṇḍrikasūtra) or the Sūtra of Golden Light (Chin kuang ming Ching, Skt. Suvarṇaprabhāsasūtra), to know how to perform ceremonies worshiping the Buddha, and to have led a chaste life for at least three years. The requirements were designed to ensure that the candidate would be able to effectively perform religious ceremonies. Little attention was paid to the candidate’s ability to explain Buddhist doctrine. If a candidate met the requirements, he would be initiated at the court at the beginning of the year, with the merit resulting from his initiation devoted to the welfare of the state. Successful candidates were called “yearly ordinands.”

Saichō: The Establishment of the Japanese Tendai School, p4-5

Saicho : The Establishment of the Japanese Tendai School

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Saicho (767-822), the founder of the Tendai School, is one of the great masters of Japanese Buddhism. This edition, which includes a new preface by the author, makes available again a classic work on this important figure’s life and accomplishments. Groner’s study focuses on Saicho’s founding of the great monastic center on Mount Hiei, the leading religious institution of medieval Japan, and his radical move to adopt for purposes of ordination the Mahayana bodhisattva precepts–a decision that had far-reaching consequences for the future of Japanese Buddhist ethical thought, monastic training and organization, lay-clerical relations, philosophical developments, and Buddhism-state relations.

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The Delightfulness of Buddhism

When we are able to approach the Dharma with joy and delight we are able to go much further in our practice. When we have joy in our practice we are less likely to be distracted or become sidetracked. All of that enables us to have even greater joy. But when we cling too tightly to effort and form and correctness we in effect strangle out the delightfulness of Buddhism. Practice the Dharma as if it were and ice cream cone. Enjoy it or it will melt in your hand.

Lotus Path: Practicing the Lotus Sutra Volume 1

Icchantika

It is stated in the Lotus Sūtra, fascicle 2, chapter 3 on “A Parable,” “If a person does not believe in but slanders this sutra, he will immediately destroy all the seeds for attaining Buddhahood in this world.” It is because one aspect of having no faith in this sūtra causes others to abandon the Lotus Sūtra. Interpreting this, Bodhisattva Vasubandhu, therefore, states in the first fascicle of his Treatise on the Buddha-nature, “He who hates and contradicts Mahāyāna becomes an icchantika (one who has no goodness in his nature and therefore, no possibility of attaining Buddhahood) because such a person causes people to abandon this dharma.”

Shugo Kokka-ron, Treatise on Protecting the Nation, Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 1, Page 30-31

Daily Dharma – Sept. 4, 2019

I am like the father. It is many hundreds of thousands of billions of nayutas of asaṃkhyas of kalpas since I became the Buddha. In order to save the [perverted] people, I say expediently, ‘I shall pass away.’ No one will accuse me of falsehood by the [common] law.

The Buddha gives this explanation in Chapter Sixteen of the Lotus Sūtra. In the story of the Physician and his children, the father leaves and sends word that he has died when his children refuse to take the antidote he has prepared for them. He gave his children no choice but to accept what they already had and make the effort to improve themselves and set aside their deluded minds. In the same way, when we take the Buddha for granted, and close our eyes to the Wonderful Dharma he has given us, he disappears. It is only when we open our eyes and see clearly this world and ourselves in it that we can recognize the Buddha and how he is always leading us.

The Daily Dharma is produced by the Lexington Nichiren Buddhist Community. To subscribe to the daily emails, visit zenzaizenzai.com

Day 7

Day 7 concludes Chapter 3, A Parable, and begins Chapter 4, Understanding by Faith.

Having last month met the poor son in the Parable of the Rich Man and His Poor Son, we conclude today’s portion of Chapter 4, Understanding by Faith.

The rich man, who was sitting on the lion-like seat, recognized him at first sight as his son. He was delighted. He thought, ‘Now I have found the person to whom I can transfer my treasures and storehouses. I have been thinking of my son all this time, but I have had no way to find him. Now he has come by himself all of a sudden. This is just what I wanted. I am old, but not too old to lose any attachment [to my treasures].’

“He immediately dispatched a man standing beside him to quickly bring back the poor son. The messenger ran up to the poor son and caught him. The poor son was frightened. He cried, ‘You Devil! I have done nothing wrong. Why do you catch me?’

“The messenger pulled him by force. The poor son thought, ‘I am caught though I am not guilty. I shall be killed.’ More and more frightened, the poor son fainted and fell to the ground. Seeing all this in the distance, the father said to the messenger, ‘I do not want him any more. Do not bring him forcibly! Pour cold water on his face and bring him to himself! Do not talk with him any more!’

“The father said this because he had realized that his son was too base and mean to meet a noble man [like his father]. He knew that the man was his son, but expediently refrained from telling to others that that was his son. [The messenger poured water on the son. The son was brought to himself.] The messenger said to him, ‘Now you are released. You can go anywhere you like.’

“The poor son had the greatest joy that he had ever had. He stood up and went to a village of the poor to get food and clothing.

The poor son’s celebration at escaping says a great deal about worldly happiness. He has missed an opportunity to take his place as the heir to his father’s wealth. Fortunately his father, like ours, has a plan to free him from his delusions.

The Life of Buddha

Example card with Thai painting and information on reverse

In 1957 the United States Information Service published a book entitled “The Life of Buddha” that used Thai Temple paintings to tell the story. Some time later, the Asia Buddhist Friendship Association, a Nichiren Shu organization, published sets of 5×7 cards with the paintings on one side and information on the back. I found an envelope of cards 8-1 to 8-8 at the Sacramento Nichiren Buddhist Church Sunday school classroom.

Each card contains a Thai Temple painting. On the back of the card is a list of Famous Buddhist Sites. (Same sites on all cards). Each card has a different ‘Buddha’s saying’ quote and information about that card’s Thai painting. The inside cover of the envelope contains a short biography of the Buddha.

I have re-created the package on the Sacramento Nichiren Buddhist Church’s page of Nichiren Shu brochures. A PDF copy of the package is also available.

View re-created package of 5×7 cards

Mantras Representing the Gist of the Lotus Sūtra

The Miao-fa lien-hua-ching is a Chinese designation for the Lotus Sūtra, which is called the Saddharma-pundarīka-sūtra in India. Tripiṭaka Master Subhākarasimha’s mantras representing the gist of the Lotus Sūtra are as follows: “I put my faith in the everywhere-penetrating Buddha, the three-bodied Buddha. When one attains Buddha Wisdom, which is opened and revealed to all the people, he will, like the crisp-clear sky, be able to get rid of all delusions and evil passions, accept the teaching of the Sūtra of the Wonderful Dharma and live with joy, firmly upholding the teaching.”

These mantras representing the gist of the Lotus Sūtra came from an iron Stupa in Southern India. The Satsuri-daruma among them means the True Dharma, while “satsu” means shō (true) or myō (wonderful). Therefore, the Lotus Sūtra is called either the Sūtra of the Lotus Flowers of the True Dharma or the Sūtra of the Lotus Flowers of the Wonderful Dharma. Placing the two words of na and mu in front of the latter, we get Namu Myōhō Renge-kyō (I put my faith in the Sūtra of the Lotus Flowers of the Wonderful Dharma).

Kaimoku-shō, Open Your Eyes to the Lotus Teaching, Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 2, Page 67

Daily Dharma – Sept. 3, 2019

Mañjuśrī! A Bodhisattva-mahāsattva who performs this third set of peaceful practices in the latter days after [my extinction] when the teachings are about to be destroyed, will be able to expound the Dharma without disturbance. He will be able to have good friends when he reads and recites this sūtra. A great multitude will come to him, hear and receive this sūtra from him, keep it after hearing it, recite it after keeping it, expound it after reciting it, copy it or cause others to copy it after expounding it, make offerings to the copy of this sūtra, honor it, respect it, and praise it.

The Buddha gives this explanation to Mañjuśrī Bodhisattva in Chapter Fourteen of the Lotus Sūtra in which he describes the peaceful practices of a Bodhisattva. The third set of practices involves not despising those who practice the Wonderful Dharma in any way, or hindering their practice by telling them that they are lazy and can never become enlightened. Such treatment goes against the true nature we all share, and can only create conflict.

The Daily Dharma is produced by the Lexington Nichiren Buddhist Community. To subscribe to the daily emails, visit zenzaizenzai.com

The Fantasy of the Lotus Sutra

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In cleaning out the old Sunday school classroom at the Sacramento Nichiren Buddhist Church I’ve obtained a number of brochures and booklets from the late 1980s and 1990s. I’ve been adding these to the church website since they are no longer in print.

Today I added Senchu Murano’s 36-page booklet entitled The Gohonzon, which was published in 1997 by the Nichiren Shu Overseas Propagation Promotion Association. (Read it here.)

Murano, who is the principal translator for the Nichiren Shu version of the Lotus Sutra harbors some theories that I take issue with. For example, in this booklet he says:

Sakyamuni Buddha became the Buddha in the remotest past. There was no Buddha before him. He was the first Buddha, the Original Buddha. All the other Buddhas in the past, present and future are his emanations.

In The Gohonzon booklet, Murano offers an abbreviated summary of the teaching of the Lotus Sutra that he entitles:

The Fantasy of the Lotus Sutra

The Pure World of the Original and Eternal Sakyamuni Buddha is a fantasy of the Lotus Sutra. A fantasy may not be real, but it sometimes portrays the truth more eloquently than reality. That is why Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream or Miyazawa Kenji’s Milky Way Railroad Train At Night is immortal.

The fantastic narration of the Lotus Sutra begins with the story of Prabhutaratna (Many-Treasures, Taho) Buddha, as follows:

There lived a Buddha called Taho many kalpas ago in a world called Treasure-Pure, which was located far to the east of the Saha World. Taho Buddha knew the Wonderful Dharma, but did not expound it by himself because he thought that the Wonderful Dharma should be expounded by a Buddha who would emanate from himself as many Replica-Buddhas as there are worlds in the universe, dispatch them to those worlds, and then expound the Wonderful Dharma in a sutra called the Lotus Sutra. Taho Buddha decided to wait for the advent of such a Buddha, and to approve the truthfulness of the Lotus Sutra expounded by that Buddha.

Taho Buddha requested his disciples to build a stupa, and to put his body in it after he passes away. His disciples made a stupa as they were instructed. After his Parinirvana, they positioned his body into a sitting posture of meditation, put it in the stupa, and shut the door.

A Buddha can see, hear, speak, and even move after his Parinirvana. The only thing a past Buddha cannot do is to expound the Dharma. Be must be satisfied with hearing the Dharma expounded by a present Buddha.

Taho Buddha had been watching all the corners of the universe for many kalpas until he finally found a Buddha doing what He had wished to see. He saw Sakyamuni Buddha of the Saha World, which was located far to the west of his world, issue many replicas from himself, dispatch them to all the worlds of the universe, and then expound the Lotus Sutra. Having rejoiced at seeing all this, Taho Buddha prepared himself for the journey to the Saha World. He made his stupa move. It flew through the skies over many worlds, and reached the sky below the Saha World. Then the stupa rose, passed the Saha World from underneath, and floated in the sky above Mt. Sacred Eagle. Taho Buddha turned the stupa toward Sakyamuni, and praised him from within the stupa.

The congregation was astonished to see all this. Representing the congregation, Daigyosetsu Bodhisattva asked Sakyamuni, “Who is in the stupa?” Sakyamuni answered, “Taho Buddha is there.” Daigyosetsu begged Sakyamuni to open the door of the stupa so that all the congregation could see the newly arrived Buddha. But Sakyamuni refused his appeal, saying that Taho Buddha would never allow anyone to open the door of his stupa unless an expounder of the Lotus Sutra collects his Replica-Buddhas from the worlds of the ten quarters. Daigyosetsu begged Sakyamuni to collect them.

Sakyamuni Buddha consented to his appeal. He issued a ray of light from his forehead as a sign to call them forth. Acknowledging this light, the Buddhas of the worlds of the ten quarters returned to their home world, and assembled on Mt. Sacred Eagle. With this Sakyamuni Buddha hovered, and opened the door of the stupa. Taho Buddha moved to the left to make some space for Sakyamuni to sit, and asked him to join him. Sakyamuni entered the stupa and sat on the right of Taho Buddha.

Seeing the two Buddhas sitting side by side in the stupa hanging in the sky, the congregation wished to be near the two Buddhas. Reading the minds of the congregation, Sakyamuni raised them up to the sky below the stupa.

Thereupon Sakyamuni Buddha announced that he would transmit the Lotus Sutra to someone. Hearing this, many Bodhisattvas begged Sakyamuni to transmit it to them. But he refused their appeal, saying, “I meant to say that I would transmit this sutra to someone other than you. You are not needed. I have chosen the ones to whom I will transmit this sutra.”

When he said this, innumerable Bodhisattvas sprang up from the four corners of the Saha World. The four army-like divisions of Bodhisattvas were headed by one or another of the Four Bodhisattvas: Visistacaritra (Jogyo), Anantacaritra (Muhengyo ), Visuddhacaritra (Jogyo) and Spratisthitacaritra (Anryugyo). All the Bodhisattvas from underground rose to the sky, and greeted Sakyamuni Buddha with the disciple-to-master courtesy, saying, “We are very glad to see you again. Are you in good health?” Sakyamuni said to them, “I am very glad .to see that you rejoice at seeing me again.”

The congregation was surprised to see the newcomers from underground greeting Sakyamuni as respectfully and as courteously as if they were the disciples of Sakyamuni Buddha.

Representing the congregation, Maitreya Bodhisattva asked Sakyamuni, saying, “Who are they? We have never seen them before. They must have hidden themselves underground a very long time ago. You are younger than they because it is only forty and some years ago that you became the Buddha. But these elders greet you as respectfully and as courteously as if they were your disciples. This is strange. It is difficult to believe that a handsome, black-haired man of twenty-five years can point to men a hundred years old, and say, ‘They are my sons.’ Who are the newcomers?” Sakyamuni Buddha said to Maireya Bodhisattva, “You think that I left the palace of the Sakyas, sat at the place of enlightenment, and became the Buddha forty and some years ago. You are mistaken. I became the Buddha in the remotest past. These Bodhisattvas from underground are my disciples whom I taught in the remotest past.”

After saying this, Sakyamuni Buddha transmitted the Lotus Sutra to the Bodhisattvas headed by Visistacaritra. Then he descended from the stupa to the ground. All the people who were in the sky also descended. Sakyamuni Buddha put his right hand on the heads of the Bodhisattvas, and said, “Now I will transmit the Lotus Sutra to all of you. Propagate it with all your hearts.”

Sakyamuni Buddha turned toward the stupa in the sky, and said, “May the Buddhas be where they wish to be. May the stupa be where it was.”

Here ends the fantasy of the Lotus Sutra.

I prefer the actual book to this fantasy.